• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.215-237
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• 2015

This paper aims to check the multi-pillar pension system in Korea. That is why, We analyzed the insured status of people in terms of multi-pillar pension system including National Pension Service, Private Pension, Retirement Pension over time. The main findings are as follows; firstly, the 'multi-pillar type'(27.7%), the 'public pension type'(12.8%) and the 'insecure type'(59.6%) have been formed. Secondly, any socio-demographic factors like labor market status, gender, age et cetera could not guarantee the pension right for multi-pillar system. As a result, we emphasize that including the 'insecure type' into public pension schemes is a prerequisite for establishing the multi-pillar pension system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.665-673
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• 2014

The Korean film market has revved up against American movies and the movie industry has continued to grow even though Korea is a small country. However, most production staffs who are responsible for practical business of film production get wages that fall short of the inflation rate and minimum wages as temporary employees. And there's the atmosphere that they try to leave film sites on the first opportunity. This study finds that the cause to leave film sites is attributed to perception gaps about the hardworking character and labor which occur in the process that production staffs enter the movie industry and participate in film production as well as poor surroundings. And it should establish staffs' hardworking character and recognition as workers to them by reorganizing the current curriculums which approach movies from the only artistic viewpoint in the departments related to movies and images that hold a large majority in their majors, establishing the concept of work according to participation in film production to potential production staffs, and changing their recognition to improve the elements that they leave the sites.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.105-119
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• 2002

The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristic of recreation forest that has been rapidly developed and increased since late 1980's. Also, the process and spatial distribution of recreation forest is analyzed. For the analyses of the characteristic of recreation forest, the concept of recreation forest that has been researched and published is explored and examined. To explain the process and spatial distribution, recreation forest used by people at present is studied in terms of time and space. It is concluded that the characteristic of recreation forest serve as nature oriented forest as well as functions as recreational space and educational place on nature. The recreation forest also produces wood far economic purpose and gives owners economic benefit. Also the study leads us to the conclusion that the process of recreation forest is related to changes in leisure activity caused by shorter working hours and tourist behavior. Finally, from this study, we can conclude that natural and social conditions have an effect on spatial distribution as an important variable.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2019

The aim of this article is to introduce articles of the special issue on 'Revitalization Conditions on Crisis on Industrial Regions: Experience from Europe and the Republic of Korea, and to explore policy alternatives to crisis on industrial regions on the basis of policy diagnoses and prescriptions. In the existing research, diagnoses of such Korean regions are quantitatively focused upon industry, employment, plant, consumption, investment, real estate, and labour market, and are qualitatively based upon external environment and functional, structural and spatial characteristics. Prescriptions of such regions emphasize the establishment of a law and an institutional fix, financial supports, jobs' creation, industrial diversification, the intensification of urban foundation throughout the urban revitalizaion. In the policy development for these regions, it is required to link the industrial sector to social, educational, political and welfare sectors, and furthermore the collaboration of inter- and intra-ministry and the active participation of provincial and local governments are needed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.243-278
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• 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to understand the process of the poverty exit across generations through the live experience based on the grounded theory analysis of the in-depth interview. We find that poverty means a lack of achievement and freedom of agency that is a level of control about resource and situation. So exit of poverty across generations is the state that is not only to achieve functioning but also to recover capabilities. Based on this result, central phenomena of the intergenerational exit process of poverty are support from relation and continuous transition at each stage in life. Even if this central phenomenon is an important event, it has the incomplete attribute. Because support from relation is beyond individual scope of control and participants can't escape second labor market as they don't have enough time in the process of transition. Therefore, this paper suggests that the expansion of state welfare and strategy should support transition as policy priorities to minimize limitation of relation and risk of income loss.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.329-352
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• 2017

Since the late 2000s Korean foreign direct investors in North Korea and China border regions have gone through the closure of outward processing trade(OPT) networks and changes in their location due to UN security council resolution and Korean independent sanctions against North Korea's nuclear and missile tests. However, the introduction of new Chinese OPT policy has led to the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks towards North Korea. The main aim of this paper is to identify the exceptional characteristics of Dandong in Liaoning province, a North Korea and China border region by analyzing OPT networks towards North Korea. Fundamentally the establishment of OPT networks towards North Korea is likely to be based on the utilization of a plenty of low wages in North Korea. The main reasons for this are fallen into two perspectives: geo-economics and geo-politics. The first perspective is geo-economics centering on the consolidation of economic exchange between North Korea and China, and North Korean economic development. For example, the introduction of Chinese OPT in border region has enabled Chinese local firms based on domestic market to access a plenty of low wage in North Korea in formal and institutional contexts. The second is geo-politics for the stability of North Korean regime based on the means of geo-economics. As the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks might make North Korea possible promoting foreign money earning, it enable North Korea to be sustainable as a buffering region between capitalist and socialist regime for China. It shows Chinese geo-strategic attempts to deal with the economic and regime stability of North Korean as a buffering state. In other words, OPT networks in North Korea should be concerned with the discourse practice of geo-economics and geo-politics which might lead to various and contingent spatial economies in border region. As a consequence, North Korea and China border regions could defined as a space in which is applicable to exceptional institutions and policies, and an exploitative space in which create surplus and rents by utilizing a plenty of low wages in North Korea through OPT networks.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.135-168
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• 2006

This study reviewed pension reform's overall characteristic and(anticipated) positive negative effect in OECD countries's and then analysed middle-old age's retirement transition and determinants of full/gradual retirement through the $3{\sim}7th$ Korea Labor and Income Panel considering that Korea has been aging society quickly and it is necessary to suggest not only solution of early retirement and working age reduction but also pension reform. As a result of this study, about 1/4 of 50 years and older have been continuing to work through various pathways after retirement and 98% among fully retired older who passed by re-employment step of occupational status including retirement are still searching for jobs. This showed that it is also inappropriate to typical retirement concept itself on the lines of labour market participation in Korea and part-time/temporary work or self-employment have been used by means of alternatives of maintaining works for middle-old ages. However, the duration of changed occupational status of gradual retirees is mostly only $1{\sim}2$ years. Therefore it is necessary to support the gradual retirement to minimize a term of income insecurity and promote the work of the old ages who have will and capacity of work. Most of all, partial pension system which is main program of gradual retirement, should make the rules that beneficiaries are those who age less than pensionable age and benefit levels should be actuarial fairness together with pension system and provide substantial help. But, the introduction of partial pension system is not the only way to solve and needs overall social economic approach. Especially guarantee the increase of quantitative qualitative employment for middle-old ages linking labor market policy and supporting gradual retirement not ought to be abused to force the part time works and early retirement route against their own will.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.207-218
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• 2001

미국의 콘벨트와 같이 곡물을 집약적으로 재배하는 지역에서 관행생산으로부터 유기적 생산으로 전환할 때 문제가 되는 것은 어떻게 하면 작물윤작을 더 많은 이익이 나올 수 있도록 선택하고 관리하는가 하는 점이다. 곡물생산을 중단하고 사료와 녹비작물을 재배하는데 드는 기회비용은 상당하다. 많은 유기농업 연구자, 학자들은 가축사육을 농장에 도입하여 다양화와 노동력 활용도를 높일 필요가 있음을 강조하고 있다. 가축 역시 곡물생산량이 줄어드는 것을 보완해줄 정도로 곡물 및 사료작물의 가치를 늘려 추며, 곡물생산에 쓰여진 양분을 퇴비를 통해 재활용할 수 있게 해 준다. 곡물 집약재배 지역에서 유기농가는 양돈이 경종체계에 자연스럽게 들어맞는 것으로 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. 돼지는 곡물과 사료작물 모두에 가치를 증대시켜 줄 수 있는 아주 효율적이고 적용이 쉬운 가축이다. 그다지 많지는 않지만 유기적, 지속가능한 양돈 생산에 관해서는 문헌이 좀 있다. 그러나 유기농가로 하여금 유기양돈 생산을 하도록, 그리고 유통의 방법을 어떻게 할 것인가 결정을 내리는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 그런 비교적 구체적인 정보는 그리 많지 않다. 이 글의 주요 초점은 미국 중부지방에서의 유기축산 생산(주로 돼지)에 관한 배경과, 시장의 추세, 인구적 특성, 미국의 기준들에 비추어 생산과 유통에 관한 결정 및 고려사항들에 대한 개관을 제시해 보는 일이다. 농장 수준에서 의사결정은 토지, 노동, 금융과 사회적 자본과 같은 자원을 각종 기회와 더불어 고려하여 이루어져야 한다. 이러한 결정은 모두 농장 차원을 넘어 각종 기준과 시장에서의 세력들의 맥락을 보고 이루어져야 한다. 각 개인의 수준에서는 농업인 역시 유기 흑은 환경친화적 농업에 관한 확신, 바꾸어 보겠다는 결심, 생활양식과 가족에 대한 영향, 그리고 농업인과 가족 경영에 대한 계획의 지평이라고 하는 범위 내에서의 유기적 방식으로의 전환에 관하여 결정을 내려야 한다.aotic motion)의 해석도 가능하다. 이 글에서는 비선형 진동해석을 위한 정규모드 동역학에 대한 연구동향 및 기본 이론을 살펴 보았고, 그 적용 예를 통하여 실험결과와 비교 고찰 함으로써 정규모드 동역학의 적용성을 서술하여 보았다. 선형이론으로 이해하기 어려운 현상들에 대하여는 비선형의 관점에서 새롭게 접근하 려는 노력이 필요하며 비선형 이론에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 진행되어야 한다. 진행되어야 한다.VA코드를 사용하여 흡기포트와 연소실 그리고 밸브의 움직임을 동시에 고려한 수치해석을 도입하였다. 하지만 이들이 밸브의 운동을 고려하기 위해 사용한 이동격자는 격자점은 시간에 따라 변화하지만 그 격자의 수가 일정하게 유지되어 있어서 밸브의 완전개폐를 해석할 수가 없다. 강희정[6]은 단일 실린더와 단일 배기밸브를 갖는 문제로 단순화하여 피스톤과 밸브의 움직임을 고려하므로써 배기행정 후 소음이 어떻게 전파해 나가는가를 연구하였다. 본 연구에서도 최소밸브간격과 최대밸브간격 사이에서만 계산이 가능하나 흡기의 경우는 밸브가 닫힐 때 생기는 압력파가 중요하므로 실린더와 밸브사이에 벽면조건을 주어 밸브의 개폐를 모사하였다.술을 보유하고자 한다. 이용한 해마의 부피측정은 해마경화증 환자의 진단에 있어 육안적인 MR 진단이 어려운 제한된 경우에만 실제적 도움을 줄 수 있는 보조적인 방법으로 생각된다.ofile whereas relaxivity at high field is not affected by τS. On the other hand, the change in τV does not affect low field profile but strongly in fluences on both inflection fie이 and the maximum relaxivity value. The results shows a fluences on both inflection field and the maximu

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-69
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• 2014

The theory of creative city can be seen as one that reflects a relationship between recent change of economic environment and socio-spatial reconstruction in the so-called 'cultural turn' to deindustrialization. This paper considers approaching methods to knowledge-based economy or cultural economy as a context of development of theory of creative city, and suggests types of conceptualization of creative city. Then it reviews creative perspectives which can be found in recent domestic and oversea research trends on creative city, especially relating its nature with neoliberalism. Finally this paper discusses critically the concept of creative class as a social constitution of creativity or creative economy, and that of creative city as its spatial constitution. The concept of creative class can be criticized in terms of ambiguity of the concept of class, class-biased and economy-privileged idea, market valorization of culture, individualization against community, normalization of flexible labor market, and uncertainty of economic success of creative city. The concept of creative city can be criticized in terms of limitation of interests to city, ignorance of national and global dimensions, decontextual normative vision, legitimation of neoliberal city, lack of proof of causality between creative class and economic success, polarization of within and between cities.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.366-376
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• 2017

This study attempts to analyze the structure of the knowledge and duties of the vocational counseling service industry by using the text mining method and network analysis, which are methods of big data analysis. The subjects of the survey were vocational counseling, job placement and career change support, three fields in the unit elements of competence included in the National Competency Standards (NCS) which areproposed by the government. Although the analysis results of frequently used words showed that all three fields had independent duties, many were overlapping, such as counseling, examination, employment support, etc. for clients, job seekers, and others. The knowledge required by the employees of this field includes many new fields, such as start-up development, lifelong career consulting, job adaptation and culture conflict, besides the five subjects of vocational psychology, vocational counseling, labor market, job information, and law, which are included in the vocational counselor certification examination. Also, we suggested that the consultants adhere to emotional approaches, such as empathy, acceptance and attentiveness, and take a neutral stance. This study isvaluable in that it is the first attempt to objectively analyze the duties of the vocational counseling service field by big data analysis. In addition, it is also meaningful that we first confirmed the difference between the direction of government policy and the actual practice in the field.