• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.99
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• pp.10-29
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• 2021

This paper is an introductory study of the wooden Buddha images excavated in the Mekong Delta in present-day southern Vietnam. Approximately thirty examples of wooden Buddha images have been recovered in the Mekong Delta. As they were found among the major historic sites of Funan (the first kingdom in Southeast Asia), including Oc Eo, and likely date to the sixth century, they can be regarded as the works of Funan. Similarly to stone Buddha images, these wooden examples are considered important for their demonstration of aspects of early Buddhist sculpture in Southeast Asia. Most of these Funan wooden Buddha images are presumed to have been produced around the sixth century based on radiocarbon dating and their stylistic characteristics. This paper analyzed the iconography and style of eight examples whose forms are relatively recognizable. The eight images can be divided into four types according to their postures, dress styles, and hand gestures. They all share features of the Sarnath style of the Gupta period in India as seen in their slender bodies and the outer robe that clings to the body. However, some display a South Indian style of Buddha images in their upright posture, style of wearing a monastic robe with the right shoulder exposed, and making the vitarka mudra (preaching gesture) that is often seen in Sri Lankan Buddha images. This suggests that Buddhist sculptors in Funan devised a new style by incorporating the principal styles of Indian Buddhist sculpture. Another notable feature of these Funan images is their material, namely, wood. While none of the contemporaneous Hindu sculptures discovered from the same historic sites are made of wood, numerous Buddhist sculptures are. This paper postulates that the use of wood in Buddhist sculptures was promoted for reasons beyond ease of carving. According to the Buddhist literature, the first-ever Buddha image was the so-called 'Udayana image' made out of sandalwood. This image and its story was well-known in the Southern Dynasty of China around the sixth century. Interestingly, some auspicious sandalwood images of the Buddha was believed to have been brought into the Southern Dynasty from Funan. This suggests the possibility that the legend of the Udayana image might have been known in Funan as well and resulted in the production of wooden sculptures there.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.56-57
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• 2003

실고기과(Syngnathidae)에 속하는 해마류는 5300만년전부터 지구상에 존재해온 어류로 전 세계적으로 72%에 해당하는 32종이 인도-태평양연안에서 서식하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그리고 약제와 관상무역에서 넓은 시장을 형성하며 그 수요가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 그러나, 국내에서는 아직 해마의 서식지와 초기생활사에 대한 연구가 전무한 실정으로 이번 연구에서는 최근 발견된 한국산 해마의 서식지와 채집된 2종 해마의 치어 초기생활사를 보고한다. 2003년 8~9월에 전라남도 여수시와 고흥군 주변해역에서 해마, Hippocampus coronatus 18마리(전장 40.8~79.5mm), 산호해마 H, japonicus 80마리(전장 28.1~56.3mm)가 채집되었고, 순환여과식 사육수조에서 사육하면서 자연산란한 치어를 대상으로 초기생활사를 관찰하였다. 사육은 유리로 된 사각수조(50$\times$30$\times$28cm)에 여과조(26$\times$26$\times$28cm)를 연결한 순환여과시스템에서 실시하였으며, 사육수온은 26.0$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$, 염분 32$\textperthousand$ 전후, pH 7.74 전후 그리고 DO 6.8mg/$\ell$ 전후였다. 먹이는 부화 2일령까지는 로티퍼, Brachionus rotundiformis를 단독 급이하였고, 부화 후 3일령부터는 로티퍼와 알테미아, Artemia sp.를 혼합 급이하였다. 치어의 성장 측정은 만능투영기를 이용하여 각 20마리를 무작위 추출하여 측정하였고 각 측정 부위별로 0.001mm까지 측정하였다. 이번 조사에서 전라남도 여수시와 고흥군 주변해역에서 채집된 해마류는 해마(H. coronatus) 18개체, 산호해마(H. japonicus) 80개체의 2종이 채집되었고 순환여과시스템에 사육하던 중 5회 산란하였다. 해마(H. coronatus)는 부화 후 9~10일째에 Total length 11.67~15.98mm(평균 5.19mm, n=20), Trunk length 2.48~3.31mm(평균 2.63mm, n=20), Head length 1.31~2.27mm(평균 1.76mm, n=20) 그리고 Snout length 0.74~l.67mm(평균 1.09mm, n=20) 이었다. 한편, 부화 직후 산호해마(H. japonicus)의 치어는 난황을 거의 흡수한 상태였으며 부화 후 2~3일째 Total length 4.29~5.70mm(평균 5.09mm, n=30), Trunk length 2.06~2.73mm(평균 2.55mm, n=30), Head length 1.50~l.79mm(평균 1.06mm, n=30) 그리고 Snout length 0.81~l.14mm(평균 0.97mm, n=30)였다. 그리고 부화 후 5~6일째에는 Total length 4.33~6.33mm(평균 5.19mm, n=20), Trunk length로 2.48~3.31mm(평균 2.63mm, n=20), Head length 1.31~2.27mm(평균 1.76mm, n=20) 그리고 Snout length 0.74~l.67mm(평균 1.09mm, n=20) 이었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1993

The predeccessor of Danjanjinja was Myorak temple which is built in the 7th century. At that age, the Buddhist culture of Japan had highly prospected by transmitting Buddhism to Japan from Han peninsular On the other hand, the private god of Fujiwara family in Danjanjinja is Uchigami which is one of typical Japanese popular belief like Dangshin of Korean's. Through these historical background, it could by presumed that the Kakitsisai might be the original form of Korean Buddhist sacrificial offerings from ancient age. So this study on Kakitsisai what had handed down from generation to generation about for 1300 years help us to study and estimate the ancient dietary culture of Korean and Japanese. 1. Kakitsisai performed high filling method in the sacrificial offerings like Kasuga, Horyuji and Korea. 2. The patterns and colors of high filling offerings are various in Korea and Japan. 3. They used unpolished rice by ancient rice, and called red and black one. We can guess both of countries ate unpolished rice at that age. 4. They used many kind of ancient wild fruits and vegetables. We could recognize what the ancients had eaten the foods.