• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.57-71
• /
• 2011

Although there have been many endeavors aimed at the standardization and globalization of Korean medicine over a long period of time, the access to information on Oriental medical classics has been relatively poor due to the lack of appropriate translation methodology and standard terminology. In order to overcome existing barriers, continuous effort towards precise translation adopting a standard terminology should be maintained. As a part of this procedure, we planned to publish a part of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" in three sections, and the first two studies have already been published. Based on the methodology and approaches of previous studies, this third study aims to translate parts of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" into English, beginning with "The Sixteenth Question", and adopting "WHO-IST" terminology. The outcomes of this study are presented as follows: First, based on the result of existing translation studies and the outcome of "WHO-IST", English translation of "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" from "the Sixteenth Question" to "The Twenty-second Question" is offered, hoping to set a model of translation study which can be communicated universally. Second, in order to pave the way for future success in establishing translation studies, it is natural to verify the effectiveness and practicality of standard terminologies including the outcome of "WHO-IST". Continuous translation studies will be required in order to obtain constant feedback and adopt more suitable guidelines during the standardization process. Taking this into consideration, further translation studies of Oriental medical classics including "Classic of difficult issues(難經)" should be continued.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.269-288
• /
• 2007

"표유부(標幽賦)"포라료침구경락적기본이론화자오유주침법(包羅了鍼灸經絡的基本理論和子午流注鍼法) 유주팔법등침구임상이론(流注八法等鍼灸臨床理論), 역우기송(易于기송), 통과대차(通過對此)"표유부(標幽賦)"급역대주석가대(及歷代注釋家對) "표유부(標幽賦)" 주석적연구(注釋的硏究). 금득출여하결론(今得出如下結論): 1. "표유부(標幽賦)"중출현적두한경적학술사상(中出現的竇漢卿的學術思想), 시재계승(是在계承)"내경(內經)"화(和)"난경(難經)"적침구학(的鍼灸學), 이론적기본상(理論的基本上), 진일보발전이성적(進一步發展而成的). 대후세침구학적발전산생료중요적영향(對後世鍼灸學的發展産生了重要的影響). 2. 유우폐경적경기유운문혈수출(由于肺經的經氣由雲門穴輸出), 연경락순행체표(沿經絡循行體表), 우시사운문혈구유료통경행기적주치작용(于是使雲門穴具有了通經行氣的主治作用), 고이불설'혈출중부'(故而不說'穴出中府'), 이제출'혈출운문'(而提出'穴出雲門'), 저시두한경재침구이론방면적독도지외(抵是竇漢卿在鍼灸理論方面的獨到之外). 3. 소우침구보사(소于鍼灸補瀉), 인위수지보사법적작용중우호흡보사(인위手指補瀉法的作用重于呼吸補瀉), 제시료순(提示了循), 문, 제(堤), 안(按), 탄(彈), 염, 차, 반(盤), 추, 내(內), 동(動), 요(搖), 조(爪), 절적십사종침자보사수법(切的十四종鍼刺보瀉手法). 4. 제출침자전요관찰확인침구유무이상손상(提出鍼刺前要觀察確인鍼具有无이常損상), 시침전요냉침온난(施鍼前要냉鍼온暖), 시침시요예방절침화피부근육적손상(施鍼時要預防折鍼和皮膚筋肉的損傷), 제출좌수당중이다안침혈(提出左手當重而多按鍼穴), 우수경이서서염전자입적수법(右手경而徐徐捻轉자入的手法), 인위사용쌍수진침위호(인위使用쌍手進鍼위好). 5. 호침가관통경락기혈운행적통로(毫鍼可관通經絡氣血運行的通路), 여오행상응(與五行相應), 인이가평오장지한열(因而可平五臟之寒熱), 가조육부지허실(可調六腑之虛實), 유견사부정지공(有견邪扶正之功), 재구침중응용최위광범(在九鍼中응用最위광泛). 6. 제출침자시요관찰본신(提出鍼刺時要관察本神), 대우'본신'구체가간주시환자적'맥기'화'혈기'(對于'本神'具체可看做是患者的'脈氣'和'穴氣'), 종대적방면간가간주시환자적정신(종大的方面看可看做是患者的精神). 7. 제시료참조전후좌우지혈정확취혈적방법(提示了參照前後左右之血正確取穴的方法), 여참조주변경락확정경락적방법(여參照周邊經絡確定經絡的方法), 병강조요준조골도분촌화굴신수족관절적방법취혈재능취혈정확(병强調要遵照骨度分寸和屈伸手足關節的方法取穴才能取穴正確). 8. 소우두면오관(소于頭面五官).인후경항(咽喉頸項).흉복부(胸腹部), 요배부(腰背部), 부인(婦人) 소아(小兒) 사지등질환(四肢等疾患), 개소료침구치료적경험화심득(介沼了療鍼灸治療的經驗和心得), 제시료자오유주축일안시개혈침법여영구팔법등안시취혈침법(提示了子午流注逐日按時開穴鍼法여靈驅八法等按時取穴鍼法), 성위후세각종안시개혈침법적기초(成위後世各種按時開穴鍼法的基초).

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.423-438
• /
• 2008

BEIS2 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 2) and BEIS3.12 (BEIS version 3.12) were used to estimate hourly biogenic emissions over South Korea using a set of vegetation and meteorological data simulated with the MM5 (Mesoscale Model version 5). Two biogenic emission models utilized different emission factors and showed different responses to solar radiations, resulting in about $10{\sim}20%$ difference in the nationwide isoprene emission estimates. Among the 11-vegetation classes, it was found that mixed forest and deciduous forest are the most important vegetation classes producing isoprene emissions over South Korea comprising ${\sim}90%$ of the total. The simulated isoprene concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area show that diurnal and daily variations match relatively well with the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) measurements during the period of June 3${\sim}$June 10, 2004. Compared to BEIS2, BEIS3.12 yielded ${\sim}35%$ higher isoprene concentrations during daytime and presented better matches to the high peaks observed over the Seoul area. This study showed that the importance of vegetation data and emission factors to estimate biogenic emissions. Thus, it is expected to improve domestic vegetation categories and emission factors in order to better represent biogenic emissions over South Korea.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2008

In $\ulcorner$Yingshu(靈樞)$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Sumun(素問)$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Najing(難經)$\lrcorner$, there are differences in viewing FiveSu-point(五輸穴) and its practical application in treatment. The following conclusions are induced from these different point of views. 1. Fundamental features of FiveSu-point are shown in$\ulcorner$Yingshu(靈樞)$\lrcorner$ 2. In $\ulcorner$Internal classic(內經)$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Najing(難經)$\lrcorner$, it seems attachment that FiveSu-point is identical to the Five Elements, but there are differences in using the Five Elements sangsyang-sangguk in treatment. 3. There are clear differences between $\ulcorner$Internal classic(內經)$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Najing(難經)$\lrcorner$ in attachment of FiveSu-point and Fourseasons. Differences are shown in each chapter of $\ulcorner$Yingshu(靈樞)$\lrcorner$. 4. Different application of FiveSu-point's various cases is shown in $\ulcorner$Yingshu(靈樞)$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Sumun(素問)$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Najing(難經)$\lrcorner$. 5. Different application of FiveSu-point in $\ulcorner$Yingshu(靈樞)$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$Sumun(素問)$\lrcorner$ and $\ulcorner$Najing(難經)$\lrcorner$ is due to different historical background.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.71-87
• /
• 2013

Subject : The physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians. Objective : This study research physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians that differentiate from the physiological characteristic of Twelve Regular Meridians. Method : First, we researched the meaning of "There are Eight Extra Meridians and they don't be arrested by Twelve Regular Meridians" in Nanjing 27Nan compared with the contents of regular Meridians circulation in Huangdineijing. Second, we studied on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians and researched their route. Third, from these researches we drew some physiological characteristics of Eight Extra Meridians. Conclusion : In Huangdineijing, the regular Meridians circulation include the route of Governor Meridian, Conception Meridian, and Heel Meridian. So the sentence in Nanjing 27Nan is contradictory to the contents of Huangdineijing. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in Huangdineijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. Eight Extra Meridians have third qualities of Meridian, collateral Meridian, and the solid viscera keep the Essence Gi, so named 'Extra'. And they have an intimate association with Extraordinary Organs. They place at the middle axis of human body, thus do higher physiological function that control and regulate the function of Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels for adaptation to the environment.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.189-198
• /
• 2009

Considering the opinions of annotators, the remedy about excess of east and deficiency of west from "the seventy-fifth question" can be arranged as follows. "The seventy-fifth question", with "the sixty-ninth question", explains excess and deficiency of mother and son. Abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] in the excess of wood and deficiency of metal[木實金虛] presents a remedy, which has been applied in herbs and medicine application henceforth. "The seventy-fifth question" is a unique theory from " Nan-gyeong(難經)", and does not continue the theory of "Hwangjenaegyeong(黃帝內經)". "The seventy-fifth question" mentions the relationship of excess and deficiency of the five elements and five viscera, but does not mention excess and deficiency of invigoration and abatement of the meridian. Remedy from abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] in the excess of wood and deficiency of metal[木實金虛] is an abnormal, temporary and extraordinary method. This remedy is applied in Saam acupuncture[舍巖鍼] as A-variation form. The process where Son allows excess of mother[子能令母實] and mother allows deficiency of son[母能令子虛] in the abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] is a mechanism, not a remedy. Generation after generation, medical practitioners can be classified into those that claimed abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] because of the relation with excess of liver and deficiency of lung[肝實肺虛], abatement of heart(瀉心) due to the excess of liver(肝實), or invigoration of Eum and abatement of Yang[補陰瀉陽].

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.33-42
• /
• 1995

1991년 8월부터 1993년 7월까지 경상남도 김해군 상동면 매리마을의 낙동강 지류에서 채집된 한국 특산어인 각시붕어, Rhodeus uyekii를 대상으로 생식생태를 파악하기 위하여 연간 생식소숙도지수(GSI)와 난경조성, 산란관 길이 변화를 조사하였고, 이들 생식소 발달과정을 광학현미경적 방법에 의해 조사하였다. GSI는 수온이 상승하기 시작하는 2월부터 증가하기 시작하여 5월에 연중 최대값을 나타내고, 7월부터 하강하여 8월에는 연중 최저값을 나타내었다. 이후 9월부터 11월까지 서서히 증가하다가 12월에는 일시적으로 증가를 멈추고 11월과 비슷한 수준을 유지하였다. 생식연주기는 7~8월의 퇴화 및 휴지기, 9~11월의 1차 성장기, 12월의 정체기, 1,2월의 2차 성장 및 성숙기, 3~6월의 완숙 및 산란기 등 연속적인 주기로 구분할 수 있었으며, 산란성기는 4월하순에서 5월이었다.

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2012

중국으로부터 유입되어 일본의 이바라키현에서 정착한 큰납지리 Acheilognathus macropterus의 난발생과 자치어의 특성에 대해 관찰하였다. 담황색 수정란의 장타원형으로 난경은 장경이 2.68~2.86 mm (평균 $2.78{\pm}0.12mm$, n=40), 단경이 1.42~1.49mm(평균 $1.44{\pm}0.04mm$, n=40)였다. 암컷의 개체 당 채란된 알의 수는 124~180개 (평균 151개)였다. 수정란은 수온 $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$에서 수정 후 78시간 만에 부화하였다. 부화 직후 자어의 크기는 3.8mm이고, 3일째부터는 S자 모양의 빠른 움직임을 보였다. 부화 후 25일 경에 소화기관이 완성되어 먹이를 먹기 시작하고 부출기에 이르렀다. 한국산 큰납지리와 외부형태나 미토콘드리아 cytochrome oxidase I (COI) 유전자의 차이는 크지 않았으나 수정란의 형태가 두 집단 간 뚜렷이 구별되어 분류학적인 논의가 필요하다.

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.94-100
• /
• 2012

우리나라 고유종인 기름종개의 난발생 및 초기생활사를 연구하기 위해 2007년 6월에 전라북도 남원시 운봉읍의 낙동강에서 성숙한 개체를 채집하였다. 채집된 개체는 LHRH-1을 주사하여 건식법으로 인공수정시켰다. 성숙란은 분리침성란으로 밝은 회색이었으며, 난경은 $1.29{\pm}0.07mm$였다. 수정난은 수온 $23{\sim}25^{\circ}C$에서 수정 후 45~52시간 사이에 부화하였으며 크기는 전장 $4.5{\pm}0.24mm$였다. 부화 후 5일 후에 난황이 모두 흡수 되어 후기자어로 이행하고 전장 $6.6{\pm}0.13mm$로 성장하였으며, 부화 후 25일에는 지느러미 기조가 모두 정수로 되어 치어기로 이행하였고 전장 $9.0{\pm}0.49mm$로 성장하였다. 부화 후 100일 후에 반문모양과 외부형태가 성어와 유사하였고 전장 $27.3{\pm}2.82mm$로 성장하였다.

• 한국어류학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.234-241
• /
• 2011

멸종위기에 처한 우리나라 고유 담수어류인 얼룩새코미꾸리 Koreocobitis naktongensis의 서식환경과 번식, 섭식생태를 연구하기 위해 2010년 3월부터 2011년 6월까지 자호천에서 조사하였다. 본 종은 하천 중 상류에 하상구조가 돌과 자갈이 넓게 깔린 유속 5~10 cm/sec, 수심 50~110cm인 곳에 주로 서식하였다. 채집한 개체의 성비(male/female)는 0.92로 나타났고, 산란시기는 수온이 17~20$^{\circ}C$인 5~6월로 추정되었다. 포란수는 평균 22,643(l5,909~30,323)개였으며, 난경은 평균 0.87${\pm}$0.05mm였다. 주요 먹이생물은 파리목이었으며, 이 중 72.0%의 상대 중요성 지수값을 나타낸 깔따구류였고 그 다음은 26.9%인 물가파리류였다.