• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.66-77
• /
• 2005

We have investigated microclimatic controls on the spatiotemporal variations of net primary production (NPP) of a rugged forested watershed using the process-based biogeochemical model (BIOME-BGC). To validate the model simulation of water and carbon cycles at the plot scale, we have conducted field survey over deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) and evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) since 2000. The modeled values of soil temperature, soil moisture and soil respiration showed high correlation with those from the field measurements. The modeled seasonal changes of NPP showed high correlation with air temperature but no significant correlation with water related parameters. The precipitation frequency turned out to be the best climatic factor to explain the annual variation of NPP. Furthermore, NPP of ENF was more sensitive to precipitation frequency than that of DBF. With changes in vegetation cover and topography, the spatial distribution of NPP was of great heterogeneity, which was negatively correlated with the magnitude of NPP. Despite the annual precipitation of 1,400mm, NPP at the study site was constrained by the amount of water available for the vegetation. Such a modeling result should be verified by the field measurements.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.130-135
• /
• 2017

In the current study, we surveyed the status of graveyard lawn maintenance in Korea. The lawn maintenance information was obtained from the vicarious companies registered on the internet portal site and the Forestry Federation of Korea, and the questionnaire investigation from Primary Agricultural Cooperatives (Nonghyup). In all provinces surveyed, individual graves were maintained on a $66m^2$ (20 Pyeong) basis. The vicarious maintenance of graveyard lawn was carried out 1~5 times a year, and the maintenance cost increased as the number of times increased. Mowing the grass around a grave (Beolcho) was mainly done before the Korean Thanksgiving Day (Chuseok). The number of Beolcho was steadily increased from 2013 to 2015, and the price was getting higher and higher. Gyeonggi province had the highest cost, and Jeolla had the lowest cost. Regardless of the year, the number of orders received were higher in Gyeongnam > Gyeongbuk > Jeonnam province in order. Most of the reason for requested Beolcho was because the client lives in the area far from the graveyard. The direction of the cemetery was very varied. According to the survey, the all grass were zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica), and grass coverage rate of the graves was 35.4~71.9%. Through questionnaire investigation, the reason why the density of grass was lowered was because the periodic management of weeds and fallen leaves was insufficient. Further research on the maintenance of graveyard in the future will be necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 1990.07a
• /
• pp.49-52
• /
• 1990

강우강도가 큰 집중호우가 지표면에 도달하게 되면 강우량중 상당 부분이 수문학적 손실성분인 침수, 증발산, 차단 및 저류등으로 시간에 따라 분포된다. 이 가운데 지표면에 분포된 식생계 및 낙엽등에 의한 차단(canopy interception effect)과, 지표가 포화시의 증발산(wetted environmental evapotranspiration) 및 각종 저류, 즉 지표면 저류(depression storage), 지표토양층에의 저류(retention storage) 성분 등을 들 수 있으며 이들 각 손실성분은 직접유출로 나타나는 초과우량의 발생시간을 지체시켜 주는 역할을 하나 차단성분 및 저류성분은 시간이 경과함에 따라 결국은 증발산 또는 침투성분으로 흡수된다. 따라서 침투성분은 초과우량 추정에 매우 큰 영향을 줄 뿐 아니라 지표면 아래의 흙의 변형을 야기시키며, 중간유출 및 지하수유출에 기여 한다. 대부분의 호우사상은 강우초기에 강우강도가 지표 흙의 침수계수(hydraulic conductivity)보다 작기 때문에 모두 각 손실성분에 의해 손실되며, 강우강도가 점차 커져 침수능을 초과하면 지표면에 순간적으로 물이 고이게 되는데 이것을 지표심수(surface ponding)라하고, 강우시작부터 이 때까지가 침수시간(ponding time)이 된다. 이 지표침수가 나타나는 순간이 곧 직접유출 시작 시간으로 볼 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 침수시간은 지표면의 물수지면에서 볼 때 초기손실량 및 침수율 결정에 중요한 인자가 된다. 본 연구에서는 각 손실 성분별로 유역의 제반 특성을 고려하여 구한 매개변수로부터 시간에 대한 손실율을 결정하여 산지 하천유역에 발생하는 부정강우사상(unsteady rainfall)의 초과우량을 추정하는 모델을 유도하였다. 대상유역으로는 현재 건설부에서 수행하고 있는 국제수문개발계획(IHP) 대표시험유역 가운데 평창강 수계내의 장평유역으로서, 본 유역은 자기 우량계 및 자기 수위계가 운용되고 있고, 인접 대관령 측후소로부터 기상자료를 획득, 이용할 수 있는 비교적 분석에 양호한 조건을 지닌 유역이다. 모델의 유도 과정은 대상유역 식생계로 피복된 산지유역임으로, 식생차단 저류효과를 고려해서 지표면의 흙에 도달되는 순강우주상도를 얻고 이로부터 침수시간 및 침투율을 결정해서 초과우량을 산정하는 모델을 유도하였다. 강우 지속시간내 즉, 유역이 완전 포화시의 증발산율의 결정은 Morton 모델로부터, 침수시간 및 침투율 결정은 Green-Ampt 방정식을 부정강우사상에 적용할 수 있도록 수정된 모델을 사용하였으며, 분석에 이용된 호우는 1986 ~ 1987년도 발생된 호우사상 가운데 강우강도 및 총 강우량이 비교적 큰 7개 강우사상을 선정하였다. 각 호우사상별로 손실율울 지표면에서 물수지개념을 이용하여 계산하고 산술지상에 구성시킨 결과는 다음 그림과 같다. 이 그림에서 굵은 실선으로 나타낸 곡선(B. L. R)은 각 손실을 곡선을 시간축에 따라 산술평균한 대표손실율곡선이다. 이 대표손실율곡선은 역지수함수형으로서 곡선식의 유도는 회기분석을 이용하였다. 초과우량 주상도를 얻기 위하여 이 대표손실을 곡선을 관측 강우주상도에 적용시켜 본 결과 식생계에 의한 차단 저류율은 약 6mm/hr 정도인 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인한 침수시간 지체효과는 1~3시간 정도로서 비교적 그 영향이 큼을 알았다. 또한 각 호우사상별 침수시간 계산 결과 그 변동이 큰 것으로 나타났는데 이는 초기 강우강도에 민감하기 때문인 것으로 판단되낟. 한편 유역 포화시의 증발산율은 우기의 기상자료를 이용하여 구한 결과 0.05 - 0.10 mm/hr 의 범위로서 이로 인한 강우손실량은 큰 의미가 없음을 알았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.202-206
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the growth status of aerial parts, photosynthesis and microclimate between fixing light transmittance (Control) and changing light transmittance (C.L.T.) during ginseng growing seasons. Control showed 8％ light transmittance rate during growing seasons. But C.L.T. showed 18％ light transmittance rate during early (April-June) and late growth stage (September-October) and 6％ light transmittance rate middle growth stage(July-August). Air temperature, leaking water rate and soil water content of C.L.T. was higher than those of control during early and late growth stage. But Air temperature, leaking water rate and soil water content of C.L.T was lower than those of control during middle growth stage C.L.T. exhibited superiority in survival ratio, stem diameter, stem length, L.A.I. and stem angle compared to control. Chlorophyll content of C.L.T. was lower than that of control but S.L.W., stomatal opening and photosynthetic rates of C.L.T. was higher than those of control. Also Alternaria blight disease and defoliation of C.L.T. was lower than those of control.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.213-223
• /
• 2022

This study was conducted to establish a Habitat Suitability index (HSI) based on literature research and field surveys on ecology and habitat of 'Hynobius leechii'. And this study will be used as basic data for qualitative evaluation of habitat environment. The survey sites were divided into natural habitats close to the prototype habitat and artificial restoration areas where Hynobius leechii was monitored. So the types of habitats were diversified. Hynobius leechii is a vulnerable species to climate change because it is affected by the microhabitat and has low mobility. HSI variables of Hynobius leechii were extracted through domestic and overseas literature, and standards were extracted from literature research and field survey. The standards were presented as a value of the physical allowable category in consideration of realization. To verify the study, an in-depth consultation was conducted by amphibians experts. HSI variables of Hynobius leechii were included 9 variables such as Overstory canopy cover(%), Understory cover(%), Water-pH, Soil-pH, Soil relative humidity(%), Leaf litter depth(cm), Rock substrates (%), Type of Coarse woody, Distance from Street or Pollutant(m).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.63-76
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND:Kiwifruit growers build their vineyards using many windbreaks to protect their kiwifruit vines from defoliation injury by strong winds such as typhoon. In this study, we have compared fruit quality, budbreak rate and floral bud as affected by windbreaks. And also we surveyed several microclimate indices of kiwifruit orchard depending on the covering materials of arch-type windbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five different windbreak materials including polyethylene film (PE), blue- and white-colored nets were tested in pipe-framed archtype kiwifruit vineyards as the covering materials. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), annual mean temperature (AMT) and chill unit (CU) as well as fruit quality were compared among the covering materials. In all treatments, annual PAR was more than $400{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, in which kiwifruit leaf could reach its maximum photosynthesis, since the leaves were emerged. Annual mean temperature was greater in 0.1 mm-PE covering as much as $1-2^{\circ}C$ than other windbreaks. In CU calculated by three different models, all windbreaks showed more than 1400 CU that is fully fulfilled CU for kiwifruit rest completion. There were no difference in budbreak rate among the covering materials. Fruit weight was heavier in 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) than other windbreaks. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the windbreak materials, the PAR quantity was enough for kiwifruit photosynthesis. And CU for kiwifruit rest completion was fully achieved in all treatments. However, with respect to fruit weight, quantity of PAR, and AMT, etc., It is highly recommended for kiwifruit growers to choose 0.1 mm-PE and white-net (4 mm) as for their windbreaks materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.82-92
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for the density management of planting sites and an additional model for new planting sites. In the Dongtan New Town of Hwaseong, there are buffer green spaces, with widths between 8m and 15m, between roads and apartment complexes. A total 38 survey plots were set to examine the planting patterns and the density of landscape trees. The Crown Overlapping Index (COI) was developed to assess the level of overcrowding as far as tree growth and development effectively. Pinus strobus recorded the most serious level of overcrowding growth and development. Its average density and average COI were very high at $0.3trees/m^2$ and 35.6%, respectively. There were many areas in which its COI was above 45%. The criteria for density management were set by standardizing the COI into three levels, which were above 45% (Type A), 30~45% (Type B), and under 30% (Type C). A model was proposed to manage poorly growing trees and to develop a model to select and manage trees of similar specification based on the planting patterns. The trees of density management areas were reviewed in terms of tree types and the ease of transplanting to establish an application system for the management plans according to the possibility of transplanting, thinning, and pruning. In new buffer green spaces, the planting density of Pinus strobus was lowered to $0.20{\sim}0.25trees/m^2$, with that of shrubs being reduced to $1.5{\sim}2.0trees/m^2$, leading to a planting design model to cover the lower parts in at least 30~40%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.197-207
• /
• 2016

This study aims at providing basic data to objectively evaluate the areas suitable for reintroduction of the species of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in order to effectively preserve the Asiatic black bears in the Korean protection areas including national parks, and for the species restoration success. To this end, this study predicted the potential habitats in East Asia, Southeast Asia and India, where there are the records of Asiatic black bears' appearances using the Maxent model and environmental variables related with climate, topography, road and land use. In addition, this study evaluated the effects of the relevant climate and environmental variables. This study also analyzed inhabitation range area suitable for Asiatic black and geographic change according to future climate change. As for the judgment accuracy of the Maxent model widely utilized for habitat distribution research of wildlife for preservation, AUC value was calculated as 0.893 (sd=0.121). This was useful in predicting Asiatic black bears' potential habitat and evaluate the habitat change characteristics according to future climate change. Compare to the distribution map of Asiatic black bears evaluated by IUCN, Habitat suitability by the Maxent model were regionally diverse in extant areas and low in the extinct areas from IUCN map. This can be the result reflecting the regional difference in the environmental conditions where Asiatic black bears inhabit. As for the environment affecting the potential habitat distribution of Asiatic black bears, inhabitation rate was the highest, according to land coverage type, compared to climate, topography and artificial factors like distance from road. Especially, the area of deciduous broadleaf forest was predicted to be preferred, in comparison with other land coverage types. Annual mean precipitation and the precipitation during the driest period were projected to affect more than temperature's annual range, and the inhabitation possibility was higher, as distance was farther from road. The reason is that Asiatic black bears are conjectured to prefer more stable area without human's intervention, as well as prey resource. The inhabitation range was predicted to be expanded gradually to the southern part of India, China's southeast coast and adjacent inland area, and Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in the eastern coastal areas of Southeast Asia. The following areas are forecast to be the core areas, where Asiatic black bears can inhabit in the Asian region: Jeonnam, Jeonbuk and Gangwon areas in South Korea, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku's border area in Japan, and Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian border area in China. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the preservation and efficient management of Asiatic black bear's habitat, artificially introduced individual bear's release area selection, and the management of collision zones with humans.