• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2011

In order to better understand the role of litter layer on hydrological cycle in forest, we estimated the interception storage capacity of the litter layer at Gwangneung deciduous forest. We first made a thickness map of the litter layer at the study site based on field survey and then collected representative litter samples for the laboratory experiment. We constructed a measurement device consisting of sample tray, drain collector, tipping bucket, and a data logger. Using this device, we examined the relationship between the interception storage capacity ($C_i$) and the thickness (d) of the litter layer. For the range of d from 25 to 100 mm, there was a simple linear relationship between $C_i$ and d, which changed with the intensity of the simulated rain. The results were extrapolated to d smaller than 25 mm by considering that no interception occurs without litter layer. Overall, $C_i$ increased rapidly when d was low (< 25 mm) but the rate of increase decreased as d increased due to clumping. With an average thickness of 59 mm, the estimated $C_i$ at the site was 0.94 (${\pm}0.39$) mm. Such an interception storage capacity of the litter layer is comparable to that of the forest canopy, suggesting that the litter layer can play an important role in the forest water cycle.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.255-266
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• 2000

생물권보전지역으로 지정된 점봉산의 온대낙엽수림(참나무 성숙림)에서 임상초본식물의 공간분포를 정량화하고, 이들의 공간분포에 미치는 미소환경요인의 영향을 파악하였다. 대부분의 임상초본식물들은 영구 방형구내 미소지소간에 큰 변이를 나타내었다. 초봄에 출현하는 임상초본식물중 공간의존도가 높은 식물은 현호색, 애기나리 및 노랑제비꽃이었고, 가을에 출현하는 임상초본식물중 공간의존도가 높은 식물은 벌깨덩굴, 쌀새 및 도라지모시대이었다. 초봄에 출현하는 홀아비바람꽃과 얼레지 그리고 가을에 출현하는 도라지모시대와 쌀새의 공간의존거리가 상대적으로 짧은 편이었다. 초봄에 출현하는 노랑제비꽃, 애기나리 및 얼레지는 관목이 적고, 낙엽층이 얇으며,토심이 깊고, 토양수분함량, 유기물함량 및 염기성양이온함량이 상대적으로 적은 생육지를 선호하였고, 애기앉은부채 와 현호색은 관목이 밀집하고, 낙엽층이 두꺼우며, 토심이 얇고, 유기물함량, 토양수분함량 및 영양염류함량이 높은 생육지를 선호하였다. 오리방풀은 빛조건이 좋고, 낙엽층이 두꺼우며, 토양수분함량과 영양염류가 풍부한 생육지를 선호하였고, 단풍취, 대사초, 개별꽃, 참취, 쌀새 및 도라지모시대는 토심이 깊고, 낙엽층이 얇으며, 토양수분함량과 영양염류함량이 상대적으로 적은 생육지를 선호하였다. 본 참나무 성숙림에서 토양수분함량, 유기물함량 및 영양염류함량은 바람, 미소지형 및 관목의 밀집정도에 의해 공간적으로 재배치되는 낙엽층 두께에 의해 영향을 받고 있기 때문에 초봄과 가을에 관찰되는 임상초본식물의 공간분포는 낙엽층의 불균등한 분포에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.71.2-71.2
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• 2010

가을철 산불조심기간 중 영동지방 침엽수림에 대하여 임분밀도별 낙엽층, 부식층, 토양 상 하층에 대하여 연료습도 변화를 실측한 결과 낙엽층의 경우 소임분은 3일차 되는날 산불 초기 발화위험성이 나타났으며, 부식층의 경우 강우 익일 후 145-180%의 높은 연료습도를 보이고 있었으며, 소임분은 강우 후 6일차가 되어도 약 47%, 중 밀임분의 경우 60% 이상의 연료습도를 보이고 있어 산불 초기 발화위험성은 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 토양 1층의 경우 강우 익일에는 30%-42%의 연료습도를 나타냈고, 6일 후에도 20% 이상의 연료습도를 유지하고 있는 반면, 토양 2층의 경우는 임분밀도, 시간경과와는 거의 상관없이 일정한 연료습도를 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2000

The degree to which microenvironmental factors are linked to spatial patterns of vegetational factors within ecosystems has important consequences for our understanding of how ecosytems are structured and for conservation of rare species in ecosystems. We studied this relationships between the spatial patterns of microenvironmental factors and vegetational factors in temperate hardwood forest in Mt. Jumbong Biological Reserve Area, Korea. To do this, environmental and vegetational factors from 196 micropoints in a 0.49 ha plot were investigated. Most of all environmental factors and vegetational factors showed the variations among micropoints. Microtopographic factors, litter depth, soil moisture content and relative light intensity at this site were spatially dependent at a scale of 14∼62 m. Coverage of tree and shrub layer and species diversity of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of < 15 m. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and species richness of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of 28∼48 m. Multiple regression analysis showed that spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and autumn were affected by litter depth, slope, subtree layer, shrub, Sasa borealis etc. The best predictor for the spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer at this site was the spatial pattern of litter depth. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer showed strongly negative correlation with litter depth. We estimate that the spatial pattern of litter depth at this site were affected by direction of wind, microtopography and spatial pattern of shrub layer.

• 산림경영
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• s.19
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• pp.10-12
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• 1987

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2014

Forest floor is one of most distinctive features of forest ecosystem, which provides plants and soil microbes with nutrients, and controls hydrologic condition within the floor by intercepting water during a rainfall event and evaporates back into the atmosphere. In this study rainfall interception loss by decomposed forest floor of a deciduous forest has been experimentally estimated using rainfall simulation experiments. Litter-decomposing fungi were incubated on deciduous forest floor samples for the experiment purposes. On a deciduous floor, a $4.22mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$ of rain was intercepted immediately before rain ceased. Minimum values of interception loss ranged from 1.62 to $2.41mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$, with an average of $1.87mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$. Mann-Whitney test showed that decomposing fungi on the forest floor influenced on rainfall interception capacity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.358-364
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 침엽수종인 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 활엽수종인 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis)의 낙엽에 대해 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분광계를 이용하여 배출 연소가스 종류 및 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과 소나무와 굴참나무 낙엽에서 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Acetic acid, Butyl acetate, Ethylene, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Fluoride, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen bromide 등 13개 연소가스가 검출되었고 굴참나무 낙엽에서는 Nitrogen monoxide가 추가로 검출되었다. 방출된 연소가스의 전체 농도는 소나무 낙엽이 굴참나무 낙엽에 비해 4.5배 많이 검출되었다. 특히, 시간가중평균가스농도(TWA : Time-weighted average, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Butyl acetate가 검출되었고 단시간노출기준(STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide로 소나무 및 굴참나무 모두에서 나타났다. 이에 산불에서의 낙엽층 지표화 연소시 전체 가스 방출량의 99% 이상을 차지하고 있는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide의 건강 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 검출된 다른 건강 위험성 가스의 경우에도 연소물질의 양이 증가할수록 연소가스의 농도가 높아져 건강안정성에 해가 있을 것으로 판단되며 또한 검출된 연소가스 중 나무의 주요구성 원소가 아닌 Bromide, Fluoride 화합물에 대해서는 토양으로부터의 오염 또는 분석과정에서의 노이즈로 인한 검출 등에 대한 보다 면밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2010

To investigate a quantitative evaluation of the actinobacteria, we have collected samples from various kinds of bamboo forest soil. Each different layers contained $2.7{\times}10^6-2.7{\times}10^8$ CFU/g of actinobacteria which was the highest in litter layers of Sasa boreali forest soil. We obtained 330 actinobacteria from different layers of bamboo forest soil; litter (100 strains), humus (70 strains), and rhizosphere soil (160 strains). Based on the colony morphology (aerial mycelium, substrate mycelium, and soluble pigment), isolates were divided into thirty-six groups and we selected 50 representative isolates. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed Streptomyces was major actinobacteria (94%) and they were categorized as cluster I (2 strains), II (35 strains), III (6 strains), and IV (7 strains), respectively. The diversity index of 50 Streptomyces collected from the bamboo forest soil was calculated with the Shannon-Wiener method. Bamboo litter showed higher diversity index level of 3.33 than that of humus and rhizosphere soil. Also, antibiotic activities of our isolates were investigated against Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and Bacillus cereus and found in 74, 16, 25, and 24 strains, respectively.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

A smoldering ground fire can be a probable cause of reignition of surface fire when transmitted from Fermentation layer to Humus layer with temperature higher than that of ignition. Purpose of this paper is to identify experimental methodology on the potential risk of a smoldering ground fire, which is similar to the real surface fuel bed, and its combustion characteristics. The fuel model designed in this study is composed of 3 layers such as Litter layer, Fermentation layer and Humus layer and 8 Thermocouples are set through 3 layer at each boundary and in between to detect the temperature change and duration of smoldering and propagation velocity. As a result, it was observed that ignition conditions in the boundary between L layer and F layer determined transmission and non-transmisstion to F-H layer. In addition, range of critical humidity at which a smoldering ground fire was transmitted in a material layer was 33~44% and when temperature exceeds $350^{\circ}C$, likelihood of transmission of a smoldering ground fire was high. In the research, the experimental model for multi-layer smoldering ground fire is suggested and information about propagation of smoldering fire, possibility of reignition according to moisture content, propagation velocity and temperature change are obtained, Also, the built-up methods were established to help analyze basic characteristics of smoldering ground fire.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3 s.99
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• pp.172-180
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• 2002

Leaf litter breakdown rates of the Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia and Typha angustifolia were determined at the lower Nakdong River from Nov. 1998 to Sept. 1999. The relationship between leaf litter breakdown of three and abundance of aquatic invertebrates was investigated. Aquatic invertebrates collected in the litterbags were 11 family, 11 species (mean density: $222\;ind./m^2$ , n = 792), and Chironomidae was dominant. Mean density of Chironomidae in the litterbags were different according to the aquatic plant species: Z. latifolia ($180\;ind./m^2$, n = 264) T. angustifolia ($187\;ind./m^2$, n = 264) P. australis ($95\;ind./m^2$, n = 264). The breakdown of Z. latifolia was the shortest, and that of T. angustifolia was shorter than P. australis. Overall, the breakdown rate at floating layer was faster than that of submerged layer in all of three species and differences of the breakdown rate between open bags and closed three species and differences of the breakdown rate between open bags and closed bags were not found.