• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.129-132
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• 2007

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.363-371
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• 2002

Several people called our attention to two books in which many new name were made by T. Nakai. Upon checking Mori and Handbook of Korea-Mandschurian Forestry, we found that there were more than 50 apparently overlooked and naked names for the Korean woody plants. Also, new combinations or avowed substitutes of some woody plants by several authors (Y. Lee, T. Lee and W. Lee) based on previously and validly published names were not validly published because their basionyms or the replaced synonyms were not clearly indicated and a full and direct reference was not given to their authors and places of valid publications, with pages or plate references and dates. These names should not be used any more. We consider it useful to summarize the results of this preliminary investigation and invalid names of woody plants are enlisted here. Hopefully, this note will alert other researchers to look into these works for other herbaceous Korean plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.211-226
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• 2005

Upon checking 'Illustrated Flora of Korea' which was published in 1980, there were more than ca. 150 apparently invalid names for the Korean plants, which were nomen nudum as well as new combinations or avowed substitutes by T. B. Lee. These names were based on previously and invalidly published names from 'Handbook of Korean Forestry Sciences' and 'An Enumeration of Plants Hitherto Known from Corea'. We consider it useful to summarize the results of this investigation and these invalid names of Korean plants were enlisted here. These invalid names should not be used any more even as synonyms in the literatures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.92-99
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under the Japanese Colonization, but South and North Korea had to establish natural monument management policies separately because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument designations of South and North Koreas between 1933 and 2005 to introduce advanced polices for Oneness-Korea. The following are the results: According to data of December 2005, South Korea has 358 and North Korea has 474 natural monuments. North Korea has 116 more natural monuments than South Korea. In addition, over half of South Korea's designations are plants, whereas North Korea's designations are relatively well-balanced. Both South and North Korea designate plants(mostly trees) that are old and large. However, South Korea emphasizes the historical value of village forests, contrary to economic value in North Korea. Also, North Korea preserves many traditional fruit trees which have not been well-preserved in South Korea. As for animals, South Korea designates migratory wild animals by type and not by region to protect them at a national level, whereas North Korea designates the specific habitats of each type of wild animal. In addition, North Korea protects each region's cattle and chickens to preserve native traits of domesticated animals. Geologically, North Korea preserves 18 hot springs and 11 springs, whereas South Korea has none. Geographically, North Korea preserves 81 waterfalls, lakes, etc. In the conclusion, advanced natural monument management of South and North Korea is necessary to achieve effective preservation of natural monuments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2004

Daucus species vegetated in the island Dae-heug-san-do off the Korean Peninsula has been recorded as Daucus littoralis Sibth. et Sm. var. koreana Nakai, endemic to Korea in several flora. However, the name was revealed as a naked name, nomen nudum, because the valid publication and type specimens were found anywhere. Comparative observation on morphological characters between the Korean taxon of Daucus and D. littoralis reveals that the Korean vegetated in the island Dae-heug-san-do is not the D. littoralis, but the D. carota L. subsp. carota. The Korean name of the latter is designated newly as San-dang-geun. The new korean name, Seon-dang-geun, of the unrecorded taxon, D. carota subsp. maritimus (Lam.) Batt., is also given.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

Korea began preserving and managing natural monuments in 1933 under Japanese Colonization, but North Korea and South Korea were forced to establish separate natural monument management policies because of the division after the Korean Independence. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the natural monument management policies of both south and North Korea between 1933 and 2005 to introduce new policies for Korea unification. The following are the results: First, South Korea manages every type of cultural asset, including natural monuments, through the 'Cultural Heritage Protection Act,' whereas North Korea managing its cultural assets through the 'Cultural Relics Protection Act' and the 'Landmark/Natural Monument Protection Act.' Second, South Korea preserves and utilizes natural monuments for the purpose of promoting the cultural experience of Korean people and contributing to the development of world culture, whereas North Korea uses its natural monuments to promote the superiority of socialism and protect its ruling power. Third, North and South Korea have similar classification systems for animals, plants, and geology, but North Korea classifies geography as one of its natural monuments. Unlike South Korea, North Korea also designates imported animals and plants not only for the preservation and research of genetic resources, but also for their value as economic resources. Fourth, North Korea authorizes the Cabinet to designate and cancel natural monuments, whereas South Korea designates and cancels natural monuments by the Cultural Heritage Administration through the deliberation of a Cultural Heritage Committee. Both Koreas' central administrations establish policies and their local governments carry them out, while their management systems are quite different. In conclusion, it is important to establish specified laws for the conservation of natural heritages and clarified standards of designation in order to improve the preservation and management system and to sustain the diversity of natural preservation. Moreover it is also necessary to discover resources in various fields, designate protection zones, and preserve imported trees. By doing so, we shall improve South Korea's natural monument management policies and ultimately enhance national homogeneity in preparation for the reunification of the Koreas in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2010

This study is aimed at reviewed and analyzed in order to suggest the improved plans related to natural monuments. The summary of this study is as followings; First, Replacing the current term 'cultural properties', which denotes the meaning of 'goods', we need to devise an new categorization that separates such properties into cultural heritage and natural heritage under the national heritage framework. Second, the designation criteria for natural monuments should be divided into the individual realm for animals and plants respectively, since they are not divided in the current Act. Third, the guidelines for naming of natural monuments should be established with the following new categories in accordance with the clear standards. Fourth, such imbalances require us to give priority to the relatively neglected types and areas. Fifth, as the big and old trees account for more than a half of the designated plants, it is necessary to search out new resources(wet plant communities, seashores, sand dune plant communities, etc.) such as geological resources, mineral springs, hot springs, and fossils that are in danger of completely being exploited and exhausted. While most of the designated animals are protected nationally, the existing designation system is required to protect habitats and breeding places for the systematic and efficient conservation. Sixth, as long as we need to preserve those historical and cultural resources for the future generations from national and global perspectives, we should enhance their values by designating them as natural monuments even though they are protected by other regulations such as the natural environment area. Seventh, as a result of the survey, we found that more budgets and experts in the local governments, more empowered organizations, more active public participation should be provided for the better Natural Monument management in Korea. Eighth, the Lap of Natural Heritage in the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage needs to be developed to the Natural Heritage Institute to conduct the diverse activities such as researches, restoration, exhibition and education programs in a systematic and efficient way. Ninth and the last, major damages to natural monuments can be generally categorized into the artificial one and natural one, respectively. The artificial damages include toxics, soil covering, excessive humidity, fire, construction and management works, unlawful damages, fishing, oil spillage, etc, and the natural ones include lightning, storms(typhoons), heavy snowfalls, damage by insects and diseases, lack of prey, etc. This study will become meaningful in that it proposes specific measures for the improvement of the institutions, designation, and management of natural monuments on the basis of the comprehensive analysis on natural monuments. We wish to leave the other subjects related with this study to the future researches.