• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.355-366
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• 2014

Objectives: This study seeks to evaluate the vulnerability assessment of the human health sector for $PM_{10}$, which is reflected in the regional characteristics and related disease mortality rates for $PM_{10}$ in Busan over the period of 2006-2010. Methods: According to the vulnerability concept suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ is comprised of the categories of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indexes of the exposure and sensitivity categories indicate positive effects, while the adaptive capacity index indicates a negative effect on vulnerability to $PM_{10}$. Variables of each category were standardized by the rescaling method, and each regional relative vulnerability was computed through the vulnerability index calculation formula. Results: The regions with a high exposure index are Jung-Gu (transportation region) and Saha-Gu (industrial region). Major factors determining the exposure index are the $PM_{10}$ concentration, days of $PM_{10}{\geq}50$, ${\mu}g/m^3$, and $PM_{10}$ emissions. The regions that show a high sensitivity index are urban and rural regions; these commonly have a high mortality rate for related disease and vulnerable populations. The regions that have a high adaptive capacity index are Jung-Gu, Gangseo-Gu, and Busanjin-Gu, all of which have a high level of economic/welfare/health care factors. The high-vulnerability synthesis of the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indexes show that Dong-Gu and Seo-Gu have a risk for $PM_{10}$ potential effects and a low adaptive capacity. Conclusions: This study presents the vulnerability index to $PM_{10}$ through a relative comparison using quantitative evaluation to draw regional priorities. Therefore, it provides basic data to reflect environmental health influences in favor of an adaptive policy limiting damage to human health caused by vulnerability to $PM_{10}$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.651-662
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• 2002

Weather elements were observed by the AWS (Automatic Weather System) and dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 4 sampling sites in Busan area from March. 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal wind intensity. Frequency of wind speed were found in order of low(1-3m/s), very low(<1m/s), medium(3-8m/s) and high(>8m/s), and annual mean had higher range at low(1-3m/s) for 56.3%. Strong negative linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (northeastern and eastern), but strong positive linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (western and northwestern) at industrial, commercial and coastal zone(p<0.05). While a negative correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of very low(<1 m/s) and dustfall, and positive correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) and dustfall in coastal zone(p<0.05). The correlation coefficient was observed 0.556 between wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) and Ni by commercial zone(p<0.05). The correlation coeffcient show well-defined insoluble trace metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) at coastal zone, which was found significant difference(p<0.01).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.683-694
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• 2016

Sensitivity analysis of the WRF model according to the impact of nudging (e.g., nudging techniques and application domains) was conducted during high nocturnal ozone episode to improve the prediction of the regional ozone concentration in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean peninsula. The analysis was performed by six simulation experiments: (1) without nudging (e.g., CNTL case), (2) with observation nudging (ONE case) to all domains (domain 1~4), (3) with grid nudging (GNE case) to all domains, (4)~(6) with grid nudging to domain 1, domain 1~2 and domain 1~3, respectively (GNE-1, GNE-2, GNE-3 case). The results for nudging techniques showed that the GNE case was in very good agreement with those observed during all analysis periods (e.g., daytime, nighttime, and total), as compared to the ONE case. In particular, the large effect of grid nudging on the near-surface meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind fields) was predicted at the coastline and nearby sea during daytime. The results for application domains showed that the effects of nudging were distinguished between the meteorological factors and between the time periods. When applied grid nudging until subdomain, the improvement effects of temperature and relative humidity had differential tendencies. Temperature was increased for all time, but relative humidity was increased in daytime and was decreased in nighttime. Thus, GNE case showed better result than other cases.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.617-627
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• 2019

This study investigated the relationship between heat-related illnesses obtained from healthcare big data and daily maximum temperature observed in seven metropolitan cities in summer during 2013~2015. We found a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.4~0.6) between daily maximum temperature and number of the heat-related patients from Pearson's correlation analyses. A time lag effect was not observed. Relative Risk (RR) analysis using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) showed that the RR of heat-related illness increased with increasing threshold temperature (maximum RR = 1.21). A comparison of the RRs of the seven cities, showed that the values were significantly different by geographical location of the city and had different variations for different threshold temperatures. The RRs for elderly people were clearly higher than those for the all-age group. Especially, a maximum value of 1.83 was calculated at the threshold temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ in Seoul. In addition, relatively higher RRs were found for inland cities (Seoul, Gwangju, Daegu, and Daejeon), which had a high frequency of heat waves. These results demonstrate the significant risk of heat-related illness associated with increasing daily maximum temperature and the difference in adaptation ability to heat wave for each city, which could help improve the heat wave advisory and warning system.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2019

Temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentrations in Busan were investigated by using observation data from urban air quality sites during 2001-2016. The annual ozone concentrations showed a significant increasing trend of $+0.40ppb\;yr^{-1}$ in this period, with a more rapid increase of $+0.81ppb\;yr-1$ since 2010. For the monthly analysis, the increase in ozone concentration was the greatest in August ($+0.68ppb\;yr-1$). These ozone trends were due mainly to rising temperature ($+0.05^{\circ}C\;yr^{-1}$) and weak decreasing precipitation ($-6.42mm\;yr^{-1}$). However, the extreme weather events (heat wave, localized heavy rain, etc.) lead to an increase in short-term variability of ozone since 2010. The relatively low ozone concentrations in the downtown area were caused by high NOx emissions from mobile sources. The increases in ozone concentrations were observed at most of the air quality monitoring sites due to the reductions in anthropogenic emissions of NOx during 2001-2015. However, in the southern coastal area, lower rates of increase in ozone concentrations were observed by $-0.10{\sim}0.25ppb\;yr^{-1}$ due to the significant NOx emitted by ships in the Busan port and Busan new port.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.92-101
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• 2016

Objectives: Outdoor workers are exposed to thermally stressful work environments. In this study, heat stress indices for harbor workers in summer were calculated to evaluate thermal comfort based on a human heat balance model. These indices are Physiological Subjective Temperature (PST), Dehydration Risk (DhR), and Overheating Risk (OhR) according to respective stage of cargo work in a harbor. In addition, we constructed a forecast system to provide heat stress information. Methods: Thermophysiological indices in this study were calculated using the MENEX model (i.e. the human heat balance model), which used as inputs the meteorological parameters, clothing insulation, and metabolic rate for each stage of cargo work in the harbor of Masan over the course of seven days, including a four-day heat wave. The forecast heat stress information constructed for Masan harbor was based on meteorological data supported by the Dong-Nae Forecast from the KMA (Korea Metrological Administration) and other input parameters. Results: According to higher metabolic rate, thermophysiological indices showed a critical level. In particular, PST was evaluated as reaching the 'Very hot' or 'Hot' level during all seven days, despite the heat occurring over only four. It is important in a regard to consider the work environment conditions (i.e. labor intensity and clothing in harbor). On a webpage, the forecast thermophysiological indices show as infographics to be easily understand. This webpage is comprised of indices for both current conditions and the forecast, with brief guidance. Conclusion: Thermophysiological indices show the risk level to health during a heat wave period. Heat stress information could help to protect the health of harbor workers. Further, this study could extend the applicability of these indices to a variety of outdoor workers in consideration of work environments.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1065-1076
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• 2016

This study analyzes the $PM_{10}$ characteristics (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than $10{\mu}m$), concentration, and emissions in eight large South Korean cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, Jeju). The annual median of $PM_{10}$ concentration showed a decline of $0.02{\sim}1.97{\mu}g/m^3$ in the regions, except for Incheon, which recorded an annual $0.02{\mu}g/m^3$ increase. The monthly distribution levels were high in spring, winter, fall, and the summer, but were lower in summer for all regions except for Ulsan. These differences are thought to be due to the dust in spring and the cleaning effect of precipitation in summer. The variation in concentrations during the day (diurnal variation) showed that $PM_{10}$ levels were very high during the rush hour and that this was most extreme in the cities (10.00 and 18.00-21.00). The total annual $PM_{10}$ emissions analysis suggested that there had been a general decrease, except for Jeju. On-road mobile (OM) sources, which contributed a large proportion of the particulates in most regions, decreased, but fugitive dust (FD) sources increased in the remaining regions, except for Daegu. The correlation analysis between $PM_{10}$ concentrations and emissions showed that FD could be used as a valid, positive predictor of $PM_{10}$ emissions in Seoul (74.5% (p<0.05)), Dajeon (47.2% (p<0.05)), and Busan (59.1% (p<0.01)). Furthermore, industrial combustion (IC) was also a significant predictor in Incheon (61.7% (p<0.01)), and on-road mobile (OC) sources were a valid predictor in Daegu (24.8% (p<0.05)).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2015

The characteristics of atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material (i.e. $^{137}Cs$) related to local wind patterns around the Kori nuclear power plant (KNPP) were studied using WRF/HYSPLIT model. The cluster analysis using observed winds from 28 weather stations during a year (2012) was performed in order to obtain representative local wind patterns. The cluster analysis identified eight local wind patterns (P1, P2, P3, P4-1, P4-2, P4-3, P4-4, P4-5) over the KNPP region. P1, P2 and P3 accounted for 14.5%, 27.0% and 14.5%, respectively. Both P1 and P2 are related to westerly/northwesterly synoptic flows in winter and P3 includes the Changma or typhoons days. The simulations of P1, P2 and P3 with high wind velocities and constant wind directions show that $^{137}Cs$ emitted from the KNPP during 0900~1400 LST (Local Standard Time) are dispersed to the east sea, southeast sea and southwestern inland, respectively. On the other hands, 5 sub-category of P4 have various local wind distributions under weak synoptic forcing and accounted for less than 10% of all. While the simulated $^{137}Cs$ for P4-2 is dispersed to southwest inland due to northeasterly flows, $^{137}Cs$ dispersed northward for the other patterns. The simulated average 137Cs concentrations of each local wind pattern are $564.1{\sim}1076.3Bqm^{-3}$. The highest average concentration appeared P4-4 due to dispersion in a narrow zone and weak wind environment. On the other hands, the lowest average concentration appeared P1 and P2 due to rapid dispersion to the sea. The simulated $^{137}Cs$ concentrations and dispersion locations of each local wind pattern are different according to the local wind conditions.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 1991

최근 10년간(1977년~1986년) 제주시와 서귀포시의 지상기상자료를 분석하여 제주도지방의 해륙풍의 기후학적 특성을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 해륙풍의 발생빈도는 월별로는 8월(약 15.5%)이 가장 높고 그 다음이 9월, 10월, 5월, 11월의 순이다. 춘계보다는 추계가 더 발생빈도가 높으며 동계 매월 평균(약 5%)가 가장 낮다. 2. 해풍은 제주도의 북부해안이 남부해안보다 연평균 약 30분 정도 더 일찍 발생하고 약 1시간정도 늦게 소멸한다. 반대로 육풍은 남부해안이 북부보다 연평균 1시간 정도 일찍 발생하나 연평균 소멸시각은 남북해안이 비슷하다. 제주도지방의 해풍의 발생시각은 연평균 9~10시로 남해안 지방(13~14시)보다 약 4시간 이르며, 소멸시각은 연평균 17~19시로 역시 남해안지방(19~21시)보다 약 2시간 정도 이르다. 3. 해풍의 연평균 지속시간은 북부해안이 남부해안보다 약 1시간 정도 길고, 육풍의 그것은 반대로 약 1시간 정도 짧게 나타난다. 계절별로는 해풍의 경우 하계가 동계보다 길고 육풍의 경우는 또 그 반대이다. 해풍에서 육풍으로의 전이시간은 하계가 길고 동계가 짧은 경향을 보이며, 육풍에서 해풍으로의 전이시간은 계절적인 특징이 나타나지 않는다. 4. 해풍의 최대풍속의 출현시각은 연 평균적으로 북부해안(14.0시)보다 남부(13.4)가 다소 일찍 나타나나, 육풍은 비슷한 양상(약 2.5시)을 보여주며, 해풍이나 육풍 모두 월평균 출현시각의 계절적 특징은 뚜렷하지 않다. 그리고 해풍과 육풍의 월평균 최대풍속은 각각 남북해안 모두 비슷하고 연평균으로는 해풍(약 4.1m/s)이 육풍(약 3.3m/s)보다 다소 강하다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.399-404
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• 2009

재조합 대장균으로부터 회수된 고순도 베타카로틴을 첨가한 기능성 화장품의 제조방법을 개발하고 이의 임상실험을 수행하여 개발된 화장품의 주름개선 성능을 평가하였다. 베타카로틴의 유효성, 각종 피부흡수 및 사용성, 질감 등을 고려하여 화장품을 처방하였다. 베타카로틴의 첨가량은 피부에 독성을 나타내지 않고 콜라겐생합성 촉진효과가 우수하며 베타카로틴 자체의 특유한 붉은 색소가 피부에 묻어나오지 않을 정도인 화장품 kg 당 1 mg으로 결정하였다. 베타카로틴을 용해시키기 위하여 식용오일을 사용하였고 항산화물질인 vitamin E(tocopheryl acetate)를 첨가함으로써 제품의 장기간 보관 시 베타카로틴의 안정성과 유효성에 도움을 주게 하였다. 유화제 및 유화안정제는 2.0% 첨가함으로써 유상과 수상이 분리되지 않도록 하였다. 유연제인 dimethicone을 0.35% 첨가함으로써 백탁 현상을 제거하고 피부에 대한 사용감을 좋게 하였다. 보습작용을 보이는 sorbitol을 첨가함으로써, 건조한 환경에 대한 피부트러블을 최소화하게 하였다. 제품의 안정도를 조사하였다. 60일간의 실험에서 상온에 보관된 제품의 pH는 변화가 거의 없었고 0, 25, $40^{\circ}C$의 온도서 물리 화학적 변화가 없는 안정한 상태를 유지하였다. 뿐만 아니라 광제품의 주름개선 성능을 평가하기 위하여 20명의 피시험자를 대상으로 화장품의 인체적용시험을 실시하였다. 시험자의 평가결과 4주 후 피험자의 38%가 주름이 감소하였고 8주 후에는 68%가 주름이 개선되었다.