• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.811-827
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare machine learning algorithm and deep learning algorithm in crop classification using multi-temporal remote sensing data. For this, impacts of machine learning and deep learning algorithms on (a) hyper-parameter and (2) training sample size were compared and analyzed for Haenam-gun, Korea and Illinois State, USA. In the comparison experiment, support vector machine (SVM) was applied as machine learning algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied as deep learning algorithm. In particular, 2D-CNN considering 2-dimensional spatial information and 3D-CNN with extended time dimension from 2D-CNN were applied as CNN. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the hyper-parameter values of CNN, considering various hyper-parameter, defined in the two study areas were similar compared with SVM. Based on this result, although it takes much time to optimize the model in CNN, it is considered that it is possible to apply transfer learning that can extend optimized CNN model to other regions. Then, in the experiment results with various training sample size, the impact of that on CNN was larger than SVM. In particular, this impact was exaggerated in Illinois State with heterogeneous spatial patterns. In addition, the lowest classification performance of 3D-CNN was presented in Illinois State, which is considered to be due to over-fitting as complexity of the model. That is, the classification performance was relatively degraded due to heterogeneous patterns and noise effect of input data, although the training accuracy of 3D-CNN model was high. This result simply that a proper classification algorithms should be selected considering spatial characteristics of study areas. Also, a large amount of training samples is necessary to guarantee higher classification performance in CNN, particularly in 3D-CNN.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Authors evaluated the quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in patients who were being treated with antimicrobial agents and the characteristics of isolated microorganism. Method : A prospective study was done with 25 patients under mechanical ventilation and antimicrobial treatment in ICU and NCU of Yongdong Severance Hospital from Apr. to Sep. 1999. Patients were classified into two groups: control group (n=5) and patients with VAP (n=20). The threshold of quantitative culture of BAL fluid in the diagnosis of VAP was $10^4$ cfu/ml. Results : 1) In gram staining of BALF, one patient in the control group and four in the VAP group showed positive results. Quantitative culture of BALF showed no organisms in the patients in the control group and in 9 VAP patients. Therefore the overall sensitivity was 43.8%. 2) Frequency of isolated organisms cultured above diagnostic threshold was in the following order: E. cloaclae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumani. S. aureus and Staphylococcus coagulase(-) were a11 resistant to oxacillin. Seven out of 10 isolated G (-) organisms were suspected to be organisms producing extended spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL). 3) The concurrence between gram staining of sputum aspiration and that of BALF was only in 1 case. And the concurrence of culture results was observed in 3 cases. Conclusion : The sensitivity of gram staining and quantitative culture of BALF from patients under antibiotic therapy and the concordance rate between conventional tracheal aspiration and BAL were low, facts which were important in interpretation the data. Since the frequency of drug resistance organisms was not different from that of foreign data, antibiotics must be prudently selected and used.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2014

This study is to evaluate how different bearing surface angles of abutment screw affect the mechanical stability of the joint in the conical seal design implant system. Materials and Methods: Internal connection type regular implants, two-piece cemented type abutments and tungsten carbide/carbon-coated titanium alloy abutment screws were selected. Titanium alloy screws with conical ($45^{\circ}$) and flat ($90^{\circ}$) head designs which fit on to abutment were fabricated. The abutments were tightened to implants with 30 Ncm by digital torque gauge. The loading was applied once to the central axis of abutment. The mean axial displacement was measured using micrometer before and after the tightening and loading (n = 5). The abutment was tightened to implants with 30 Ncm and T-shape stainless steel crown was cemented. Then the change in the amount of reverse-torque was measured after the repeated loading to the central axis, and the place 5 mm away from the central axis. Compressive bending and fatigue strength were measured at the place 5 mm away from the central axis (n = 5). Results: Both groups showed the largest axial displacement when abutment screw tightening and total displacement was greater in the flat head group compared to conical head group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in reverse torque value, compressive bending and fatigue strength (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the abutment screw head design had no effect on two groups regarding the joint stability, however the conical head design affected the settlement of abutment resulting in the reduced total displacement.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Purpose: Circular stapled gastrectomy has been the favored procedure with its feasibility and the shortened operative time, but anastomotic leakage, stenosis and bleeding have been reported as problems. The aim of this study was to identify what can be done to supplement the safety of this technique by examining the potential complications of performing circular stapled gastrojejunosomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: As subjects, this study selected 1,391 patients who underwent gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy because of gastric cancer at our Department of Surgery from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2007. The patients were divided into Group I (n=479) who underwent hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy, Group II (n=48) who underwent linear stapled gastrojejunostomy and Group III (n=864) who underwent circular stapled gastrojejunostomy. Group III was re-divided into two subgroups on the basis of the point of time that a visual check was intraoperatively performed at the anastomotic site: Group III-A (n=198) before and Group III-B (n=666) after. The characteristics and complications of the patients were then compared. Results: For the comparison of the complications between Group I, Group II and Group III, anastomotic leakage was found in 7 cases (1.5%) in Group I, in 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and in 10 case (1.2%) in Group III, and anastomotic stenosis were found in 4 cases (0.8%) in Group I, 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and 5 case (0.6%) in Group III. Anastomotic bleeding was found in 32 cases (6.7%) in Group I, in 5 cases (10.4%) in Group II and in 67 cases (7.7%) in Group III. For the comparison of complications between Group III-A and Group III-B, anastomotic bleeding was found in 57 cases (28.8%) in Group III-A and 10 cases (1.5%) in Group III-B and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.037). Conclusion: Circular stapled gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy is recommended because of the safety and feasibility of this technique, but bleeding at the anastomotic site may be the critical issue. In conclusion, direct inspection for bleeding at the anastomotic site during the operation will improve the safety of performing circular stapler anastomosis.

• Vending industry
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• v.3 no.1 s.9
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• pp.64-69
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• 2004

고수익을 미끼로 한 자판기 분양사기가 최근 급증하고 있어 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 무조건 자판기 수익성만을 과대포장하여 투자자들의 `묻지마` 투자를 유도한 후 돈만 챙기고 사업에서 손을 떼어버리는 사기행각은 그 피해대상이 대부분 서민이라는 점에서 문제의 심각성을 더한다. 자판기가 불법 자금 모집을 통해 사기의 대상으로 외부 인식이 악화되어 버린다면 자판기 산업의 입지 역시 크게 좁혀 질 수 밖에 없다. 자판기 품목에 있어서는 불법자금모집의 대표적인 사례가 되는 경우는 확정수익을 보장한다며 투자자를 모집하는 경우이다. 그 후 일정기간동안 수익을 보장하며 투자자를 안심시킨 다음 일순간 돌변하여 자금을 챙겨 잠적을 하는 수순을 밝는다. 선의의 투자자들은 이럴 경우 엄청난 피해를 입게 되는 게 보통이다. 대개의 경우 기계 1~2대의 소량물량이 아닌 5대~l0대 단위의 투자를 유도하기 때문이다. 이제는 자판기 산업에 있어 이러한 악성 불법자금 모집업체들이 근절되어야 한다. 이 불법 사기행각의 대상이 더 이상 자판기 분야에 발을 붙이지 못하도록 하는 제도적 비책이 시급히 강구 되어야 한다. 이러한 가운데 금융감독원 비은행감독국 비제도금융조사팀에서는 올들어 지난 9월말까지 고수익을 미끼로 투자자금을 모집하다가 금감원에 적발된 유사 금융업체 85개사 명단을 사법당국에 통보했다. 불법자금모집 업체들이 투자자들을 유혹하기위해 미끼로 내세운 사업을 종류별로 보면 자판기, 게임기, 컴퓨터단말기 등 특정상품 운영권 제공이 29개사로 가장 많고, 사이버 쇼핑몰 및 인터넷사업(18개사), 납골당 등 부동산 투자(12개사), 영화등 문화 및 레저사업(10개사), 영화문화 및 레저산업(10개사), 벤처투자사(9개사) 등이었다. 자판기 분야에 있어서는 주로 성인용품자판기, 복권자판기 등의 품목이 불법자금 모집의 집중 타킷이 되었다. 금감원은 최근들어 유사 금융업체의 자금모집이 전문가도 속을 정도로 지능화하고 있다며 개인투자자들이 피해를 예방할 수 있는 불법업체 식별법을 금감원 인터넷 사이트(www.fss.or.kr)에 게시했다. 금감원은 특히 사업현황에 대해 지나치게 보안을 유지하는 업체, 1백$\%$이상의 터무니없는 고수익을 보장한다고 광고하는 업체, 제도권 금융회사의 지급보증을 강조하는 업체에 대해서는 투자에 앞서 금감원이나 업종 관련 정부당국에 사실여부를 확인해 보고 투자여부를 결정하라고 통보했다. 아울러 금감원은 금융소비자들이나 자판기 업계에서 불법자금 모집업체를 발견하여 전화(02-3786-8155~9)나 인터넷소비자 보호센터와 경찰에 신고해줄 것을 요청했다. 이제는 산업계도 더 이상 자판기 분야의 불법자금업체를 방치하지 말고 적극적인 금감원 신고를 통해 시장을 정화할 수 있게 해야 한다. 미꾸라지 한두마리가 온 개천 물 다 흐려놓는 이치처럼 자판기불법자금업체들로 인해 전체 산업에 미치는 영향이 실로 심각함을 인식해야 할 때이다. 금호 산업정보에서는 산업계에서 불법자금업체 근절에 많은 관심을 가질 수 있게 하기 위해 금융감독원 비은행감독국 비제도금융조사팀에서 배포한 $\ulcorner$불법자금 모집업체 고수익 보장 유혹에 주의$\lrcorner$ 에 대한 보도자료의 세부내용을 게재한다.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.371-388
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• 2004

EU is enlarging geographically by the process of expansion and is intensifying the economic bloc by the formation of European Union and European Monetary Union. This situation increases the direct investment in the intra-EU members and changes the intra-EU flows. First, EU is formed by the economic geographical space of the North and the South with a differentiation of economic factors and the degree of economic development. The North played a leading role for an augmentation of the intra-EU direct investment after the formation of EU. Second, the manufacturing industry of the intra-EU direct investment by industry was increased remarkably. In the intra-EU direct investment flow by region and industry, the South made relatively an outflow of the service industry and an inflow of the manufacturing industry. But the North made an outflow of the manufacturing industry and an inflow of the service industry. Third, in the intra-EU direct investment flows by manufacturing industry, the North concentrated in the petro-chemistry, metal-machinery and agro-food industry, however, the South which have relatively weak competitiveness compared to the North tends to show balanced investment patterns in all industries.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.124-127
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• 2013

Black necrotic spots were observed from the fruits of paprika that were cultivating in a vinylhouse. The casual agents of the symptom were identified as several isolates of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) by responses of indicator plants, electron microscopy, and RT-PCR analysis. Symptoms of the viral disease were mild mottle in the young leaves, necrotic spots on the fruits and the fruit apex of paprika, but the symptoms were not shown on the mature leaves. All of the PMMoV isolates were determined as $P_{1.2.3}$ pathotypes from the biological responses on the chilli pepper lines used for discrimination of tobamovirus pathotypes. Pathogenicity of the PMMoV isolates was also confirmed using mechanical inoculation method to paprika seedlings. The coat protein (CP) genes of the PMMoV isolates were compared at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with the previously published PMMoV isolate. The isolates share 96 to 99% CP nucleotide identity among the isolates. The CP of $P_{1.2}$-pathotype PMMoV-P2 presented Met at position 139, But the CPs of $P_{1.2.3}$-pathotype PMMoVs from paprika showed Met to Asn substitution at the same position. This is the first report of identification of $P_{1.2.3}$-pathotype PMMoV isolates from paprika in Korea.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2011

Neonatal bleeding is a common problem encountered in nursery rooms or neonatal intensive care units, especially among premature infants. Furthermore, owing to recent remarkable improvement of neonatology, survival rates of preterm neonates have increased; hence, neonatal bleeding cannot be emphasized enough. Since the total blood volume of neonates is small, bleeding can be one of the causes of morbidities and mortalities. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and immediate therapy is urgently needed. The patient's medical history including a familial history of a bleeding disorder or of a previously affected infant who suffered from bleeding along with maternal and neonatal drugs can provide important diagnostic clues. Presence of bleeding with or without petechiae and ecchymoses in a healthy term or late preterm infant with thrombocytopenia but normal prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time strongly suggests a congenital bleeding disorder. For a sick infant who is bleeding from multiple sites, an acquired disorder such as disseminated intravascular coagulation is suspected. Intracranial hemorrhage in term or late preterm infants without a history of birth trauma is highly suggestive of coagulation disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in diagnostic methods is as well as basic concepts of neonatal hemostatic disorders. First, an outline of background information will be presented followed by a discussion of primary and secondary hemostatic disorders as well as inherited and acquired disorders.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.71-101
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• 2017

Since late 2016, protectionism has been a major trend in world trade with the Great Britain exiting the European Union and the United States electing Donald Trump as the 45th president. Consequently, there has been a huge public outcry regarding the negative prospects of heavy industry firms in Korea, which are highly dependent upon international trade with Western countries including the United States. In light of such trend and concerns, we have tried to predict business performance of heavy industry firms in Korea with data regarding trade policy of the United States. United States International Trade Commission (USITC) levies countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties to firms that violate its fair-trade regulations. In this study, we have performed data analysis with past records of countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties. With results from clustering analysis, it could be concluded that trade policy trends of the Unites States significantly affects the business performance of heavy industry firms in Korea. Furthermore, we have attempted to quantify such effects by employing long short-term memory (LSTM), a popular neural networks model that is well-suited to deal with sequential data. Our major contribution is that we have succeeded in empirically validating the intuitive argument and also predicting the future trend with rigorous data mining techniques. With some improvements, our results are expected to be highly relevant to designing regulations regarding heavy industry in Korea.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.3 s.116
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• pp.171-177
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the light microscopic features and the maximum insertional and removal torque value of microimplants, made from titanium grade 2 or 4, in the tibia of 6 rabbits. First, the maximum torque values of microimplants at implantation were measured. After 2, 8, and 12 weeks of healing time, the microimplant-containing segments of tibia of 2 rabbits were removed and the maximum removal torque of each microimplant were measured. Comparisons of histologic examination and insertional and removal torque values were carried out for the two groups of microimplants. Removal torque values were significantly increased in both groups after 8 and 12 weeks as compared to 2 weeks after implantation. Other values measured did not show any statistically significant differences and there were no histological differences between grade 2 and 4 titanium. Based on these results, this study showed that there were no significant differences between grade 2 and 4 titanium. It seems better to use grade 4 titanium for making microimplants because grade 4 titanium is mechanically harder than grade 2 titanium and has similar retention.