• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.2021-2031
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• 2013

Due to the rapid economic growth within the nation, the quality of life of individuals have improved dramatically. The scope of living activities of individuals have also extended, resulting in a rapidly increasing demand for automobiles. The number of vehicles registered in Korea is rapidly increasing and will reach 188.71 million as of December 2012. Compared to the registered residents of 50.94 million provided by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, the registered population reflects about 4 people per every automobile. Due to the high demands for vehicles, the demands for parking lots in collective housing and businesses are also increasing. In reality, the current state of expansion of parking lots are underground, due to the limited available space on ground level. Specifically, the slope of a parking lot cannot exceed 17% linear slope and 14% curved slope according to the 'parking lot laws', however studies show that the driver feels at risk for safety when stopped on the parking ramp while driving in the parking lot. This study seeks to examine the suitability of parking lot ramps, concerning the safety aspects of the driver. First, the ramp type was categorized as linear or curved, then test drives were performed based on variations of slopes, slant distances, directions and points. A survey was administered to the driver after the completion of the test drive, in order to element design for an ideal ramp. In the case of curved ramp, the results of the estimate suggests a counterclockwise, slope at a maximum of 12% incline. The maximum slope for a linear ramp was analyzed to be between 13~14%, suggesting that slope greater than 15% need to be eliminated. In conclusion, it is anticipated that the element design parking ramp reported in this study will help to serve as a reference for future parking lot related guidelines, and provide cost effective traffic safety mechanisms in future parking lot businesses to follow.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.274-274
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• 2018

최근 지표수-지하수 혼합대 흐름은 하천의 지형학적 및 생태학적으로 그 중요성이 인지되고 있으며, 이에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 혼합대 흐름 특성에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요소들 중 하상형태 변화는 혼합대 흐름의 체류시간 및 이동경로에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다. 따라서 하상형태는 혼합대 흐름 특성 분석을 위한 수리학적 변수로 활용 될 수 있다. 일반적으로 다양한 지형측량 장비를 활용하여 종횡단으로 하상형태를 확인할 수 있으며, 최근 온도 센서를 활용하여 장기간 하상형태를 모니터링 하는 방법이 제시된 바 있다. 온도 센서를 이용하여 하상변화를 예측하는 방법은 하상변화 측정의 지속성 및 효율성을 고려한 적절한 측정 방법 중 하나이다. 온도 센서를 활용한 하상변화 예측 방법은 하상에 온도 분포 센서를 설치한 후 하상 온도 및 수온을 일정한 간격으로 장기간 측정하여 기존에 제시된 공식을 통해 시간에 따른 하상 변동고를 산정하는 방식이다. 이러한 온도 분포 센싱을 활용한 계측방법은 하천에서 발생하는 침식 및 퇴적의 시간적 변화를 모니터링 하는데 매우 경제적이며 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 온도 분포 센서를 활용하여 시간에 따른 하상형태 변화를 계측하고, 측정 결과는 하상형태에 따른 혼합대 흐름체류시간 및 이동성 분석을 할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 온도 센서를 활용하여 하상형태 예측 및 하상 변동고를 산정하기 위해 한국건설기술연구원 안동하천실험센터 급경사수로에 온도 센서를 설치하여 하상 온도와 수온을 약 72시간 측정하였고 유량을 공급하기 전과 후에 Total Station으로 지형 측량을 수행하였다. 온도센서로부터 측정된 결과로 하상 변동고를 산정하였고 이를 Total Station으로 측량한 결과와 비교분석하였다. 또한, 하상 온도와 수온의 시간에 따른 변화 패턴을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2000

To analyze the relationship between climatic factors (monthly temperatures and precipitations) and the radial growths or Pinus densiflora with different topographical settings in Worak National Park, Korea, 20 stands were chosen and 10 trees were selected from each stand. After crossdating, each ring-width series was double detrended (standardized) by fitting first a negative exponential or straight regression line and secondly a 60-year cubic spline. The growth patterns coud be categorized by four groups using cluster analysis. Cluster Ⅰ stand has north aspect, but others have south or southwest aspects. Cluster Ⅰ (one), cluster Ⅱ (ten), and cluster Ⅲ (two) stands are located in lower. elevation (305∼580 m), however, cluster Ⅳ (seven) stands are located in higher elevation, mostly in 560～870 m. Cluster Ⅱ and Ⅲ stands are located at similar elevation with the same aspect, however, cluster Ⅱ stands are located on more rocky and stiff slope with shallow soil depth. The response functions were used to examine the difference in the relationships between climatic factors and tree growths among the 4 cluster chronologies. The climatic factors are not limiting the growth in the cluster Ⅰ stand as highly as in other cluster plots because of rather mesic conditions in the north slope. The precipitation in the spring appears to be the main limiting factor in the cluster Ⅱ stands. The topographical characteristics of the sites of cluster Ⅱ, shallow soil depths on the rocky slope in the south aspect at lower elevation, may enhance the sensitivity of growth to moisture stress. In cluster Ⅲ and cluster Ⅳ, winter and spring temperature prior to the growth become more important than for cluster Ⅱ. This pattern is com-mon for Pinus densiflora trees growing in higher. elevation (equation omitted 800 m) in South Korea. It nay be re-lated with preconditioning effects of temperature as the temperature decreases with increasing elevation (cluster Ⅳ) or in the valley (cluster Ⅲ). The results obtained by tree-ring analysis were digitalized by GIS and spatio-temporal information on tree-ring data and topographic setting were analyzed and displayed simultaneously. The results of this study can be used to predict the future change of Pinus densiflora ecosystem to climate change expected in central Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2000

Four Chamaecyparis obtusa plantations of 6, 9, 14, and 20 years were studied to investigate biomass, net production and nutrient distribution. There was wide difference in DBH and height growth of the stands according to site and soil conditions. Total biomasses of the stands of 14 years and 20 years located in gentle slopes and good soil conditions were 96.2t/ha and 145.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 22.4t/ha/yr and 23.5t/ha/yr, respectively. Total biomasses of the stands of 6 years and 9 years located in steep slopes and poor soil conditions were 0.7t/ha and 14.0t/ha, and total net productions of those were 0.3t/ha/yr and 4.7t/ha/yr, respectively. As stand age increased, the ratios of stem wood and branches to total biomass and total net production increased, while the ratios of leaves to total biomass and total net production and the ratios of roots to total biomass decreased. Concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were greatest in the leaf and concentration of Ca was greatest in the stem bark. As stand age increased, N concentrations of the stem bark, branch, dead branch and root and K concentration of the branch decreased, while Ca concentration of the stem bark increased. Nutrient contents of the whole tree were great in order of N, K, Ca, Mg and P.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the topographic effect of the LAI (Leaf Area Index), which has been widely used as an index that quantifies the structure of forest vegetation in Deogyusan National Park. With this aim, the study was conducted through a regression analysis which took as explanation the following variables: the elevation, slope, aspect, and soil moisture conditions. The LAI was taken as the response variable. Overall, the correlation between the Field-LAI and topographic factors was less than 0.5, which was relatively low. Except for topographic altitude, there was no statistical significance regarding the correlation with other factors. Meanwhile, regarding the orientation of the correlation, the higher the attitude, the steeper slope, the lower the soil moist, the lower the LAI value. The topographic altitude was found as a statistically significant explanation variable. The TWI (Topographic Wetness Index), which was used in this study to explain the soil moisture conditions, was not significantly related to the LAI distribution. The results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data in more accurate forecasting the LAI distribution using remote sensing data.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2010

This study examined figurative characters of rice terraces, and is intended to seek figurative possibility of a natural scene by selecting Gyeongnam Area Namhae Gacheon rice terraces, Sancheong Imcheon rice terraces and Hamyang Macheon rice terraces through an analysis of the target land. As a theoretical background, studies of a natural scene and figuration-related literature were looked into, and for figuring a natural scene on the basis of the results, the character of the topography of rice terraces was divided into 9 items as follows by generalizing the inspiration obtained from the natural scenic character and spatial character of rice terraces represented from the topography: (1) Inclination showing the degree of the slope of rice terraces, (2) The bending showed by unevenness of the edge line of rice terraces, (3) The degree of parallelism of the up-and-down edge line, (4) The size of the width of the section of each rice terrace, (5) The area of the total rice terraces, (6) Step gap that indicates the difference of high and low of the up-and-down small rice terraces, (7) Figuration as an image represented by the external form of the total rice terraces, (8) Naturalness and artificiality kept by the total scene, (9) Softness of cornerstones or soil that forms small rice terraces, an atmosphere produced by the total scenes, etc. The results of analysis made through GIS, with rice terraces of Gyeongnam Namhae, Sancheong and Hamyang Area as the target land, are as follows. First, the steeper the inclination is, the higher the step difference of cornerstones becomes, and the steeper the inclination, the narrower the area and width become, so that it could be known that, in rice terraces, inclination is proportional to step difference and the area is inversely proportional to the width. Second, it is considered that line showed in rice terraces, area elements and reiteration, repeated changes, and changes in the scene affected by the surrounding environment including those according to season can be converted into a variety of images according to an individual disposition. Third, it was decided that it is possible to figure repetitive composition and directivity, motility, order and change, etc. into a common type drawn from each target land. This paper, as a study of basic materials for expressing figuration in an environment field, investigated and analyzed the surrounding environment of the target land, and is significant in that it attempted the possibility of being able to generalize the environmental beauty of the target land as one figurative element. More precise studies are expected to be made later.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2000

Vertical measurement of CTDT at about 30 min intervals and spatial surface temperature, salinity, and concentration of suspended particulate matters were conducted to elucidate the character of water column and the dispersal pattern in a floating ice-dominated fjord, Marian Cove, West Antarctica. Marian Cove showed two distinct water layers in terms of turbidity; 1) cold, fresh, and turbid surface plume in the upper 2 m,2) warm, saline, and relatively clean Maxwell Bay inflow between 15-45 m in water depth. Thermal melting of Maxwell Bay inflow and tidewater glacier/floating ices developed the surface mixed layer and the activity of floating ices cause Maxwell Bay inflow to be unstable. Due to the unstable water column, the development of Maxwell Bay inflow and subsequent surface plume are not influenced by tidal frequency. Coastal current generated by strong northwesterly wind may extend warm, saline, and turbid surface plume into the central part of the cove along the northern coast via the western coast of Weaver Peninsula. Terrigenous sediments of meltwaters from the glaciated ice cliffs near the corner of tidewater glacier and some coasts enter into the cove and their dispersion depends upon the hydrographic regimes (tide, wind, wave etc.). At the period of spring tide, the strong wind stress with the northwesterly wind direction reserve suspended sediment-fed surface plume and so allow the possibility of deposition of terrigenous sediments within the basin of cove.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.947-956
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• 2013

Most of flood protection walls built on the impingement in mountain rivers have been made of concrete. It may cause flood disasters because the smooth wall surface could increase flow velocity. In this study the hydraulic experiments was carried out to evaluate the effect of one side wall with rectangular vertical ribs on flow resistance in open channel. The ratio of the pitch between vertical ribs to its depth, ${\lambda}_{nv}$, was designed so that it include the so-called d type and k type roughness. The range of Froude number, $F_r$, based on hydraulic radius is 0.81~1.12. Flow resistance in the open channel with a rib sidewall depends on the interval length of each ribs and the flow discharge. Maximum flow resistance occurred when ${\lambda}_{nv}$ is 9. In the d type roughness which ${\lambda}_{nv}$ is less than 3, the flow resistance decreases with increase of flow discharge. In the k type roughness which ${\lambda}_{nv}$ is greater than 3, the flow resistance increases with increase of flow discharge. The increments of flow resistance are especially great when ${\lambda}_{nv}$ are 9 and 12. The resistance due to vertical rib is mostly by the shape resistance and the vertical rib on one sidewall of open channel affects on the flow resistance so that the equivalent roughness heights of vertical rib may occur in scale of flow depth. Therefore the vertical ribs may be used to reduce the flow velocity and to move the location of maximum flow velocity from the rib sidewall to the centerward in a cross section of channels.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.102-102
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• 2022

소하천의 홍수 예측은 대부분 수치모형을 직접 활용하거나, 미리 설정된 시나리오에 기반하여 수치모의를 수행하고 계산된 결과를 이용하여 추정한 경험식을 활용한다. 수치모형과 그 결과를 홍수 예·경보에 활용하기 위해서는 계측자료에 기반하여 변수를 최적화하는 등의 수치모형 검증 절차가 매우 중요하다. 소하천은 국가, 지방하천에 비해 계측자료가 절대적으로 부족한 형편으로 소하천의 홍수 모의를 위해서 주로 국가, 지방하천에서 계측한 자료를 이용하여 검증을 수행한다. 이렇게 검증된 소하천 수치모형은 국가 혹은 지방하천 유역 전체를 모의하여야 하므로 모의시간이 많이 소요되어 1시간내에 홍수유출이 이루어지는 소하천 홍수 모의에는 적절치 않다. 또한 소하천은 하천경사가 급하고 유속이 빨라 실시간 홍수모의가 어려울 수 있다. 따라서 소하천의 홍수 예측 방법으로 수치모형 보다는 계측자료에 기반한 추정삭이 보다 더 효율적이다. 행정안전부와 국립재난안전연구원은 2017년부터 소하천 홍수 예측기술 개발을 위하여 자동유량계측기술을 소하천에 확대적용하고 실시간 수리량 자료를 계측하고 있다. 자동유량계측기술은 CCTV를 이용하여 표면유속을 구하고 동시에 계측된 수위와 단면자료를 이용하여 자동으로 유량을 계측하는 기술이다. 자동유량계측기술은 저비용, 저노동, 고효율의 유량계측기술로써 부족한 계측인력과 계측의 안전성을 고려할 때 소하천에 적합한 계측기솔이라고 할 수 있다. 행정안전부와 국립재난안전연구원은 2025년 까지 전국 소하천의 10%인 2,230개 소하천에 자동유량계측기술을 확대 구축하고 실시간으로 수리량 자료를 걔측할 계획이다. 본 연구에서는 이들 계측자료와 AI 등 첨단기술에 기반한 홍수 예측기술 개발하고자 한다. 예측기술은 계측유역과 미계측유역을 구분하며, 계측유역에 대해서는 계측자료를 이용하고 미계측 유역에 대해서는 단위도법과 CES를 이용하여 구한 결과를 이용하여 강우-유량 노모그래프와 수위-유량 관계식을 개발한다. 이때 노모그래프는 토양수분조건을 고려하여 개발하며, 미계측 소하천의 예측결과는 소하천을 그룹화하고 동일 그룹내에 포함된 소하천의 계측자료를 이용하여 검증한다. 개발된 홍수 예측기술은 소하천 홍수 예·경보시스템에 적용되며 이렇게 개발된 시스템은 소하천의 인명피해 저감에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2022

소하천의 홍수 예측은 대부분 수치모형을 직접 활용하거나, 미리 설정된 시나리오에 기반하여 수치모의를 수행하고 계산된 결과를 이용하여 추정한 경험식을 활용한다. 수치모형과 그 결과를 홍수 예·경보에 활용하기 위해서는 계측자료에 기반하여 변수를 최적화하는 등의 수치모형 검증절차가 매우 중요하다. 소하천은 국가, 지방하천에 비해 계측자료가 절대적으로 부족한 형편으로 소하천의 홍수 모의를 위해서 주로 국가, 지방하천에서 계측한 자료를 이용하여 검증을 수행한다. 이렇게 검증된 소하천 수치모형은 국가 혹은 지방하천 유역 전체를 모의하여야 하므로 모의시간이 많이 소요되어 1시간내에 홍수유출이 이루어지는 소하천 홍수 모의에는 적절치 않다. 또한 소하천은 하천경사가 급하고 유속이 빨라 실시간 홍수모의가 어려울 수 있다. 따라서 소하천의 홍수 예측방법으로 수치모형 보다는 계측자료에 기반한 추정삭이 보다 더 효율적이다. 행정안전부와 국립재난안전연구원은 2017년부터 소하천 홍수 예측기술 개발을 위하여 자동유량계측기술을 소하천에 확대적용하고 실시간 수리량 자료를 계측하고 있다. 자동유량계측기술은 CCTV를 이용하여 표면유속을 구하고 동시에 계측된 수위와 단면자료를 이용하여 자동으로 유량을 계측하는 기술이다. 자동유량계측기술은 저비용, 저노동, 고효율의 유량계측기술로써 부족한 계측인력과 계측의 안전성을 고려할 때 소하천에 적합한 계측기솔이라고 할 수 있다. 행정안전부와 국립재난안전연구원은 2025년 까지 전국 소하천의 10%인 2,230개 소하천에 자동유량계측기술을 확대 구축하고 실시간으로 수리량 자료를 걔측할 계획이다. 본 연구에서는 이들 계측자료와 AI 등 첨단기술에 기반한 홍수 예측기술 개발하고자 한다. 예측기술은 계측유역과 미계측유역을 구분하며, 계측유역에 대해서는 계측자료를 이용하고 미계측 유역에 대해서는 단위도법과 CES를 이용하여 구한 결과를 이용하여 강우-유량 노모그래프와 수위-유량 관계식을 개발한다. 이때 노모그래프는 토양수분조건을 고려하여 개발하며, 미계측 소하천의 예측결과는 소하천을 그룹화하고 동일 그룹내에 포함된 소하천의 계측자료를 이용하여 검증한다. 개발된 홍수 예측기술은 소하천 홍수 예·경보시스템에 적용되며 이렇게 개발된 시스템은 소하천의 인명피해 저감에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.