• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.135-144
• /
• 2011

When metal artifacts have to undergo conservation treatment, the person in charge of the treatment selects and uses various coating mixtures based on his judgment regarding their condition, material, or environment. Since the kinds of coating mixtures or solvents make a difference in the set time of cyanoacrylate adhesives, they have something to do with the efficiency of the conservation treatment. This study examines the effects and causes that affect the set time of cyanoacrylate adhesives according to the kinds of coating mixtures and solvents and suggests ways to increase the set time. As a result, it is thought that as the surface roughness gets flatter, the wettability of adhesive is improved further, which increases the set time. Moreover, the C-F binding of V-Flon, C-O-C absorption peak, molecular weight of the coating mixtures, and glass transition temperature (Tg) were the factors that significantly affected the set time. According to the result of measuring the set time based on the result of superficial and chemical analysis, relative difference was shown according to the kind and viscosity of adhesive, but all the adhesives indicated the following order of the set time: V-Flon > Paraloid B-72 (in xylene) > Paraloid NAD-10 > Paraloid B-72 (in acetone).

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.335-343
• /
• 2014

This study classified the result of non-metallic inclusion analysis and result of microstructure investigation on the ironware excavated in the Baekje region into Han River, Geum River, and Yeongsan River to estimate the iron making temperature and study the characteristics of regional and temporal characteristics of the heat treatment technology and steel making technology. Regardless of era, bloom iron and sponge iron are judged to be the major method for making as a directreduction process in all three regions. The result of the reinterpretation of the non-metallic inclusion by the oxide ternary constitutional diagram suggest that the temperature inside of the furnace is estimated to be between $1,100{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$ while making the steel. The magnetic iron ores are the major raw material of steel ore and irons with high $TiO_2$ are estimated to use iron sands. Ironware with $CaO/SiO_2$ rate higher than 0.4% are considered to have artificially added the flux of calcareous materials. It was found that the iron making method is the solid caburizing-steel which caburizes low-carbon steels by the CO gas and $CO_2$ gas created when heating the forging furnace with charcoal. Also, the ironware manufacturers in the Baekje during 3rd century recognized the heat treatment technology as they performed carburizing process and quenching to intentionally increase the strength of necessary parts.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.134-149
• /
• 2013

The Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan is considered the historic site where Baekje dominated the inland traffic route to Gaya through Geumsan and Jinan in the 5th Century. This study identified the production techniques of iron by conducting an analysis of metallographical microstructure of the artifacts such as an iron sword and an iron sickle that were excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan, one of the regions ruled by Baekje, and tried to figure out the characteristics and the technical systems of Baekje's ironmaking around the 5th Century by comparing them with other iron artifacts produced around the same time. The analysis showed that various production techniques were applied to the artifacts excavated in Sudang-ri Site, Geumsan. Depending on the production techniques, they can be divided largely into three methods: the simple shape-forging method, the steel manufacture method after forging, and the steel manufacture & heat-treatment method after forging. The iron sickle from the stone chamber tomb No. 1, which was produced only through forging, is mostly composed of soft ferrite at both edges of the blade and at the rear making the use of the weapon impractical. From this fact, it is presumed that they were produced as burial objects or ceremonial accessories for the person buried. The iron axe from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 1 and the iron swords and sickle from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12, which were produced through the steel manufacture method after forging such as carburizing, did not go through the heat treatment such as quenching, but applied different production processes to each part. Therefore, it is deemed that they were produced as daily tools for cultivation rather than burial objects or ceremonial accessories. The production techniques following the forging process - carburizing and heat treatment - can be found on the iron swords from the outer stone coffin tomb No. 5 and the outer stone coffin tomb No. 12. The sturdy structure of the blade part and the durable structure of the rear processed with heat are deemed to have been produced as weaponry and used by the person buried. Based on the analysis of the iron artifacts excavated from Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan, the characteristics of iron production techniques were investigated by comparing them with the artifacts from Yongwon-ri Site in Cheonan, Bongseon-ri Site in Seocheon, and Bujang-ri Site in Seosan that were made around the same time as the cluster of Baekje tombs examined by the metallographical microstructure analysis of this study. For the iron artifacts analyzed here, the changes in the techniques were investigated using the iron swords common in all of the tombs. In the case of the iron swords, it was identified the heat treatment technique called tempering was applied from the 4th Century.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.193-194
• /
• 2012

레이저클리닝이란 레이저빔을 표면에 조사하여 오염 물질을 제거하는 공정 기술로서 건식 세정방식이다. 본 연구에서는 레이저클리닝을 금속문화재에 코팅된 아크릴수지에 적용하여 제거 가능성 및 표면 특성을 조사하였다. 실험 결과 소지금속에 손상을 주지 않으면서 아크릴수지를 제거하는 레이저 조건을 확인하였으나 청동유물에 적용한 결과 아크릴수지와 파티나 층이 함께 제거되는 레이저클리닝의 문제점도 확인할 수 있었다. 앞으로 다양한 레이저 시스템 및 파장별 실험을 진행하여 청동 파티나층의 제거 가능성을 검토하면 레이저 클리닝을 청동 문화재에 적용하는데 도움이 될 것으로 본다.

• Conservation Science in Museum
• /
• v.20
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2018

In February 1986, a high-school student reported the discovery of fragments of gilt-bronze burial goods on a mountainside behind a village in Ipjeom-ri, Ungpo-myeon in Iksan. The National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage immediately undertook an excavation. Unfortunately, gilt-bronze relics including a band and vertical decorations for a crown, a hat, and shoes had already been collected from Ipjeom-ri Tomb 1 by the student who found them before they could be properly excavated. Also, the interior of the stone chamber of the tomb had been severely disturbed by the time of excavation, making it difficult to identify the precise original locations of the relics within the tomb and hindering the reassembly of the fragments of the gilt-bronze crown. After conservation treatment, the gilt-bronze hat, shoes, and other relics were restored to their original forms and researchers were able to identify incised designs of a three-legged bonghwang(鳳凰), fish scales, lotus flowers, and other motifs. This study presents the major features of the fragments of gilt-bronze relics from Ipjeom-ri Tomb 1 and the methods of their production in order to provide basic material for their restoration and allow the eventual restoration of the giltbronze crown to its original condition.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.22
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2008

The effect of air pollutants coming from internal museum materials such as wood-based products and cements on metal corrosion have been investigated. The Oddy test and the Chamber test was employed as a corrosion test. The metal pieces after the Oddy test had different corrosion types caused by the internal museum materials. The most effective wood based product was 18T HS(E0) and 9mm plywood(F0,E0). Iron(Fe) and copper(Cu) also bronze of the Chamber test had corrosion caused by Formic acid, Acetic acid, and Acetaldehyde. The packing materials in high humidity had caused more corrosion on the surface of the metal pieces than in low humidity.

• 지역과문화
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.79-105
• /
• 2019

In the Geumseongsan Tumulus of the Uiseong area where the Jomunguk was existed in the Three Han Period, many relics such as metal craft ornaments and Uiseong-style earthernware were excavated. However, it is hard to find cases where the excavated relics were used to develop cultural products. In this study, symbolic relics which can express the culture of Uiseong Jomunguk were selected from excavated relics. Then, the basic design that can be applied to various cultural products were derived from symbolic relics. In order to select symbolic relics, the formative characteristics of the metal craft relics excavated from the Tablili Tumulus and the Dali Tumulus were examined. As a result, a gilt-bronze crown excavated from the Tablili Tumulus was selected as a symbolic relics. And then the basic desin was derived from the gilt-bronze crown. The basic design is expressed in the form of birds based on the bird's feather shape at the edge of the standing ornaments and the record of the Bongdae(鳳臺), the phoenix's habitat. And the application design that changed the expression of the birds' face was presented. The earthenware excavated from the Uiseong area was designed as a soil pot and applied various indoor air purification plants. The result of this study, which reinterprets and reconstructs the historical and cultural resources of the region in accordance with the modern sense, can be used as useful data for the development of cultural products of Jomunguk. Furthermore, if the design derived from the Jomunguk relics is used as a representative symbol of the area, it will be possible to derive an image of a differentiated region from other regions. Finally, it is expected that the result of this study will be a chance to re-evaluate the value of the historical and cultural resources in the region.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.20
• /
• pp.67-80
• /
• 2007

Icheon Seolbong fortress is located in Saum-dong, Icheon, Gyeonggi-do Province that its date is founded as 4th century of Bakjae dynasty after excavation by Dankook university museum. Excavated artifacts show various kinds such as earthenwares, ceramics, metal artifacts and so on. Especially many iron artifacts were founded in where Bakjae earthenwares were found that it indicates iron artifacts were manufactured in Bakjae Dynasty. From 6 iron sickles, called Beollat and Millet, samples were taken to examine mircostructures and from the results used iron material, shape-forging, steel-making process, heat treatment were investigated. From this late 4th century Bakjae dynasty iron manufacture profess was established. From the result, different treatment were used in different area of the sickles according to the its use. Beollats were quenched in blade and it was used for special purpose that require Intensity. Millats did not have special treatment that it was used to cut rice plant and plant. Used material was steel, steel was previously made by certain steel-making process. It is formed to produce iron ware and the area where intensity is required heat treatment was employed to make it strong. From the investigation it is derived that iron ware manufacture process in Bakjae dynasty is steel making$\rightarrow$shape-forging$\rightarrow$and heat treatment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.37
• /
• pp.267-284
• /
• 2004

As an initial step to understand the transitions in Korean bronze technology the present study has examined metallurgical microstructures of 8 artifacts excavated from the Silla Wang-Gyong site in Kyongju. Important trends have been found in alloy compositions and also in manufacturing processes. In the design of alloys, the Sn content was apparently changing toward the peritectic point, 22 mass %, of the Cu-Sn phase diagram while the Pb addition was intentionally avoided. This trend in composition was found accompanied by the introduction, subsequent to casting, of such special thermo-mechanical treatments as quenching and forging in artifact manufacture. In addition, the Sn content in alloys containing a significant amount of As was relatively low and no evidence of forging was observed in them. The use of quenching and forging and the rejection of Pb and As from alloys are all necessary requirements if the brittle nature of high Sn alloys is to be overcome in bronze working. This paper will show that the Wang-Gyong era corresponds to that of innovations leading to the technical climax in Korean bronze tradition, which has been maintained up to the present.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.179-189
• /
• 2021

In this study, the research objects are gilt plated silver-iron nails excavated from the west of the tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo. A gilt plated silver-iron nail was fabricated by combining silver and iron via heating and then gilding amalgam on top of this combination, demonstrating that this ancient artifact that can be replicated using current technology. Since the metal (Au, Ag) surface of these gilt plated artifacts are covered with iron oxide, which slips into the cracks and scratches of the artifacts as well, desalination is essential. Based on the results of the preliminary experiment, the research objects were classified into grades A, B, and C, according to the degree of corrosion and then desalinated using an alkali solution (NaOH, Sodium Sesquicarbonate of 0.1 M) at 60℃. The results demonstrate that the more serious is the degree of corrosion, the more is the amount of Cl^- detected. Further, more Cl^- was released when NaOH was used than when sodium sesquicarbonate was used, for all grades except Grade A. Furthermore, the more serious is the degree of corrosion, the longer is the desalination period and the reaction with NaOH for all grades except Grade A. A comparison of the Fe composition of the surface before and after desalination shows that Fe composition is the use of NaOH resulted in a smaller increase compared with the use of sodium sesquicarbonate, for all grades except Grade B. However, four of the nails were damaged owing to NaOH (Grade B 3ea, Grade C 1ea) during desalination. Thus, Cl^- ions are more stably released when sodium sesquicarbonate is used than when NaOH is used.