• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.185-208
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• 2014

This study is to identify the factors deterring or precipitating the exit from welfare recipiency to labor market in the Korean social assistance program. The results from the empirical analyses of the Korea Welfare Panel Study(KOWEPS) show that the duration dependency is not due to increasing welfare dependency with duration, but to the fact that longer stayers have many vulnerable conditions to escape from poverty. Particularly, the main factors determining the transition from recipiency to labor market are not individual or household characteristics such as human or social capital. Those having adolescents of secondary education in their households or participating in some effective labor market program such as job placement service tend to have significant effects on the exit rates from recipiency. That means that the institution-related factors such as the education and health supports combined with benefits and the effective labor market programs are important in the translation from recipiency to labor market of working-age recipients in the Korean social assistance scheme.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.73-87
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic deprivation of male-headed or female-headed households. Household having children under the age of 18 are categorized into three types according to the gender of household head: male-headed household, female-headed household, and dual-parents household. The findings from data, for this study came from the Korean Labor Panel Study in 2003. The analysis shows that the household's age, education, residence types, etc are key explanatory variables in determining whether to be in poverty. While the public income transfer is most effective in reducing poverty in female-headed households, the private income source is relatively more useful among male-headed families. Since single-household families are particularly at risk, public policy makers should pay special attentions to developing and expanding welfare-to-work programs which provides work incentives to overcome relative poverty and community networks on child care.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.129-164
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• 2017

This article is an exploratory study on the recent growth of short-hours part-time work in Korea. The short-hours part-time work has been rapidly growing among low-educated women over sixty, particularly among bereaved or divorced women, contrary to the expectation of the government that encouraged the part-time work by means of work-family balance for working mothers or middle-aged women who experienced career interruption. The short-hours part-time jobs are concentrated in social service industry, mostly elderly care service jobs, and their working conditions are extremely poor, mostly low-wage jobs with no social insurances except for health insurance. In this study, we discuss why the short-hours part-time work has grown so fast in Korea since the mid 2000s. Using various governmental statistics, we examine the effects of the labor demand and supply situations during the time period, the legal context that is related with the exempt clause of the labor law, and the institutional context related with the government's public job creation projects for the elderly. We suggest some public policies needed to slow down the growth of the short-hours part-time jobs and to elevate their working conditions.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.147-174
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• 2013

Until recently, self-employment workers are often excluded from labor market studies. Most relevant studies has focused on the determinants of entry into self-employment. However, the self-employment is highly exposed to poverty risk although they are working. Despite that, relatively little is known about the economic severity of the self-employed. This study uses data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study to examine the situation of the self-employed's in-work poverty and the determinants of in-work poverty among them. Major findings are as follows. First, self-employed people experience 3.5 times higher in-work poverty risk than employees. Especially, the ratio of own-account self-employed people living below the poverty line is similar with that of even precarious employees. Second, the extent of poverty of self-employment is more serious. Third, the proportion of self-employed among working poor is about 53% although self-employed workers are composed of only about 24% among working people. Fourth, temporary employees and self-employed people are more likely to be poor than full time employees according to logistic regression. It is statistically significant. It implies that it is desirable to regard the self-employed as the policy target group along with temporary employees. Fifth, the ratio of in-work poverty of self-employed aged 40-64 whose education level is low and the self-employed aged 40-64 who work in low-skilled service sector are higher than that of the other group. It implies that measures to alleviate their economic difficulties are urgently needed.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.213-237
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• 2017

It is essential in social policy evaluation to examine how effectively they protect people from social risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of five income security programs of Korea in coping with poverty, using KoWEPs data. We analyse the coverage and adequacy of these programs, joint as well as individual, for each sub-groups. As a result, it was found that 35% of the poor get none of the benefits. The coverage and adequacy for the aged is rather high. However, for the working age people, the unemployed in particular, are very poorly covered and average benefits levels are very low. These findings imply that there are much room and demand for improvement of Korean income security program, especially for working age population.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.763-779
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• 2015

This study estimate the adequate replacement rate of retirement income by income brackets and suggests roles of pension and non-pension income sources to achieve it for each income bracket. Priori research focused on elderly poverty; however, there has been little discussion about an adequate income level for retirement. We calculate an adequate income replacement rate separately for the poor, middle, and high income group as well as the average level of replacement rate for all groups. We also investigate the gap between the adequate income replacement rates and realized rates, and propose roles for each income source to curtail the gap. It is essential to recognize that the adequate income for retirement is unable to be met only by an annuity. To emove the gap, it is vital to utilize non-pension income although annuity is a primary source for retirement. Especially, the public and private pension plays a role to overcome poverty and live affluent in retirement, respectively.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-142
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• 2011

This study investigates the patterns of labor market polarization and analyzes the characteristics and roles of regional labor market in the structuring process of the polarization in the metropolitan areas of Korea. The labor market polarization plays a role of key mechanism for deepening social exclusion in the area through expanding low-pay jobs and working poor. It is of great significance to adopt a spatial approach of local labor market in order to understand underlying dynamics of labor market polarization. Especially it is necessary to develop a more differentiated and systematic policy options based on the analysis of labor market polarization in the metropolitan areas of Korea. It is because understanding spatial differentiation of labor market dynamics is essential to figure out the structuring processes of poverty and sociall exclusion in the metropolican labor market in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.311-326
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• 2004

This article focuses on the use of case management in the Self-support program. Case management is a service modality which provides integrated services for people with multiple needs in the community. The goal to accomplish self-sufficiency of working participants in Self-Support Programs is positively affected by the efforts to reduce high social risks they are exposed. It is recommended that the agencies running Self-support programs apply case management to increase the quality of lives as well as the effectiveness of exiting statuses of conditional welfare recipients. Several service considerations of case management are recommended for the change in the structure and functioning of the Self-Support Program: Integrated view and contextualized thinking, empowerment-oriented approach, and a development of the community support system through networking. Types of case management and practice roles of the case manager applicable to the Self-Support Program are also recommended. Structural aspects of an organization, inter-organizational linkages and contextual factors need to be considered to improve problematic conditions that have not enough resources and appropriate authorities in providing case management functions.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.39-64
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to understand how participants' experiences of participating in self-sufficiency projects were. To do this, we analyzed phenomenological methods using in-depth interview data of 48 participants from the Central Self-Sufficiency Foundation, which is qualitative data of the "Project for Strengthening Self-Support for the Working Poor". The study revealed 214 meaningful statements and general re-statements, 24 themes, 9 themes cluster, and 5 categories. Participants' experience was found to be forced work, felt alienated from the self-sufficiency business, and could not receive a clear vision for the future. At the same time, the experience of participating is an opportunity for motivation for change in one's own life, and the essence of becoming a stepping stone to move forward for self-reliance has been derived. Based on the results of this study, we proposed a practical policy task to create a positive expectation effect.

• Journal of Consumption Culture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.213-247
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic structures of low-income households, and to provide the policy suggestions for their economic well-being. The data for this study was from the 2009 year of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey (KOWEPS). The results are as follows: As for income structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in earned income, business and side-work income, and property income, but a higher amount in transfer income. They had a lower amount in private transfer income, but a higher amount in public transfer income. They had the highest rate of transfer income, showing that the rate of public transfer income was higher than that of private transfer income, and the government assistance was the highest rate in public transfer income. The households in extreme poverty had the lowest amounts in earned income, financial income, private transfer income, but the highest amount in public transfer income. The households in poverty had the lowest amount in transfer income. The households in extreme poverty, poverty and near poverty showed the highest rate in transfer income. As for asset structure, the low-income households had a lower amount in every type of assets. They showed the highest rate in total debt, and had a higher rate in housing asset, but lower rates in real-estate asset, financial asset and other asset. The households in extreme poverty had a lower amount in every type of assets than the households in near poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in housing asset, but the households in extreme poverty was the highest among them. As for expenditure structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in all of the expenditure items. They showed the highest rate in food expenditure, the second highest in other consumption expenditure. The households in extreme poverty showed lower amounts in almost all of the expenditure items than the households in near poverty, but the households in extreme poverty showed a higher amount in monthly rent than the households in neat poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in food expenditure. The expenditure rates of food, monthly rent and light·heat·water for households in extreme poverty were higher than those for the households in near poverty.