• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.62-79
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• 2020

The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple is a giant rock-carved Buddhist statue that was built in 1928 during the Japanese colonial era. Although it is a year-recorded Buddhist statue that occupies a prominent place in modern Korean Buddhist sculpture history, it has not been the subject of in-depth discussion due to weak research on modern Buddhist sculptures. In this study, to examine the various significant aspects of the rock-carved Seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple as a modern Buddhist sculpture, I have managed to determine its construction year, artificers, and patrons by deciphering the inscription around the rock-carved statue; in addition I have researched the effects of the rock shapes and landforms on the formation of the Buddhist statue by comparing and analyzing the points of view of both artificers and worshipers. I have also identified the specific circumstances of the time of construction from interviews with the descendants of artificers. A monk from Geumgangsan Mountain, Lee Hwaeung, took the role of sponsor and chief painter to construct the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa temple. In the beginning of its construction in 1928, more than 100 donators jointly sponsored the construction of the statue. Gansong Jeon Hyoungphil sponsored alone at the time of the place of worship's expansion in 1938. Bomunsa Temple has been regarded as one of the top-three sacred places of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva together with Naksansa Temple in Yang Yang and Boriam in Nam Hae, due to the construction of the rock-carved statue. It took about three months to construct the statue. Lee Hwaeung drew a rough sketch and then Un Songhag and five masons from Ganghwa Island took part in the carving process. We can observe the line drawing technique around the rock-carved statue because the statue was carved based on the rough sketch of the monk painter. The aspect of Lee Hwaeung as a painter is revealed; therefore, we can identify the clue of painting pattern leading to Seogongchulyou- Hwaunghyoungjin- Ilonghyegag. The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple is a typical Avalokiteśvara that wears a jeweled crown and holds Kundica. It makes a strong impression as it has a big square-shaped face and a short neck and is unsophisticated in general. The artificers solved the issue of visual distortion of the rock-carved statue caused by carving on a 10-meter high and 40-degree sloping rock by controlling motion to its maximum, omitting detailed expression by emphasizing symmetry, and adjusting the head-to-body proportion to be almost one-to-one. In this study, especially, I presume the unified form of sacred sculptures and Buddhist altars, without making a Buddhist altar like the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple, to be a key characteristic of modern Buddhist sculptures. Furthermore, I make newly clear that the six letters of Sanskrit carved on nimbus, which had been interpreted as a Six-Syllable Mantra, are a combination with Jeongbeopgye and Sabang Mantras. In addition, three iron rings driven on eaves rock were used as a reference point, and after construction they were used as a decoration for the Bodhisattva with hanging wind chimes.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-51
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• 2019

The understanding of law and science as fundamentally different two systems, in which fact stands against justice, rapid progress against prudent process, is far too simple to be valid. Nonetheless, such account is commonly employed to explain the tension between law and science or justice and truth. Previous STS research raises fundamental doubts upon the off-the-shelf concept of "scientific truth" that can be introduced to the court for legal judgment. Delimiting the qualification of the expert, the value of the expert knowledge, or the criteria of the scientific expertise have always included social negotiation. What are the values that are affecting the boundary-making of the thing called "modern science" that is supposedly useful in solving legal conflicts? How do the value of law and the meaning of justice change as the boundaries of modern science take shapes? What is the significance of "science" when it is emphasized, particularly in relation to the legal provisions of paternity, and how does this perception of science affect unfoldings of legal disputes? In order to explore the answers to the above questions, we follow a process in which a type of "knowledge-deficient model" of a court-that is, law lags behind science and thus, under-employs its useful functions-can be closely examined. We attend to a series of discussions and subsequent changes that occurred in the US courts between 1930s and 1970s, when blood type tests began to be used to determine parental relations. In conclusion, we argue that it was neither nature nor truth in itself that was excavated by forensic scientists and legal practitioners, who regarded blood type tests as a truth machine. Rather, it was their careful practices and crafty narratives that made the roadmaps of modern science, technology, and society on which complex tensions between modern states, families, and courts were seen to be "resolved".

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.27
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• pp.267-361
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• 2008

This article traces how the modern Chinese "nation" was constructed as an "imagined community" around Huang-ti (the Yellow Emperor) in late Qing. Huang-ti was a legendary figure in ancient China and the imperial courts monopolized the worship of him. Many late Qing intellectuals appropriated this symbolic figure and, through a set of discursive strategies of "framing, voice and narrative structure," transformed him into a privileged symbol for modern Chinese national identity. What Huang-ti could offer was, however, no more than a "public face" for the imagined new national community, or in other words, a formal structure without substantial contents. No consensus appeared on whom the Chinese nation should include and where the Chinese nation should draw its boundaries. The anti-Manchu revolutionaries emphasized the primordial attachment of blood and considered modern China an exclusive community of Huang-ti's descent. The constitutional reformers sought to stretch the boundaries to include the ethnic groups other than the Han. Some minority intellectuals, particularly the Manchu ones, re-constructed the historic memory of their ethnic origin around Huang-ti. The quarrels among intellectuals of different political persuasion testify how Huang-ti as the most powerful cultural symbol became a site for contests and negotiations in the late Qing process of national construction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2023

The Florence Charter, established in 1981 by the ICOMOS-IFLA International Commission on Historic Gardens, considered the historic garden as a plant-dominated architectural composition, a perpetual balance between the artist and the artisan's desire to remain unaltered in perpetuity. Trees, the main component of the garden, require continuous management as they repeat their creation and calling according to the cycle of the seasons and accordingly, it is suggested that management to maintain the appearance of trees in Korean palaces was an indispensable element. Although it is an important matter to historically verify the tree management techniques of the palaces of the past, research has been difficult due to the absence of historical records and the disconnection of life due to the Japanese colonial period. In addition, according to the view that trees were not generally managed in the palace, research on palace tree management techniques has not been conducted so far. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether or not the tree management of the palaces was performed in the past through expert interviews based on photographs taken in modern times. With the identification of tree species and pruning through in-depth interviews with experts using photographs taken in the modern period, the results are as follows. First, it was found that the shapes of trees and leaves could be identified through photographs and by observing the phenomena caused by planting and pruning, it was possible to estimate whether or not the tree management was implemented in the modern palace. Second, as a result of in-depth interviews with 8 experts in 4 fields, it was possible to determine the tree species and pruning status, purpose, and method. There was no significant difference in opinions between groups, and the evidence was clearly presented. Third, the type of management of trees in the palace was mainly found to be determination of the types of tree, removal of hazardous factors of trees, and management of lower vegetation and through the photographs of Jondeokjeong and Gwanwanjeong, it was confirmed that the trees were managed even before the Japanese colonial era, considering the time of filming. Based on the photographs taken, it was possible to estimate whether the trees were managed before the Japanese colonial period through expert interviews. However, it could not be clarified due to lack of historical materials as to whether it was carried out on its own according to the circumstances of the times or by the Japanese Empire. Still, in this study, evidence was obtained to refute the view that trees of the palace were not managed in the past through the collected data. Expert opinions supporting this view were collected to make the conclusion. In addition, based on the general theory of pruning, an empirical review of expert opinions was conducted to secure the reliability of the research results.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.18
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• pp.315-346
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• 2009

Korean 'Sin-Pa' play is a way to examine self-reliance of Korean culture and influence of Japanese culture on the Korean one in the early modern times. Although the 'Sin-Pa' play has been estimated negatively in many aspects, such an estimation can be different depending on the methodology. Therefore, I tried to explain a characteristics of the rise of 'Sin-Pa' play. While making these trials, I made efforts to reappreciate the developing process of Korean 'Sin-Pa' play and its theatrical structure and value. Particularly, I focused on structure of 'Sin-Pa' play in the context of an actual cognition of colonized Korea. Based on the 'Sin-Pa' play's repertoires I found out that one of the representative characteristics of Korean 'Sin-Pa' play is a changing process from orality to literacy. And I made attempts to uncover some ideological functions and their effects of 'Sin-Pa' play, focusing on and whose story line is usually consisted of 'provocation-pangs-defeat' while it interacted with 'provocation-pangs-penalty' of the structure of melodrama under the contemporary cultural conditions. 'Sin-Pa'' play can be considered as a performance mode to accept the Japanese value embedded in the colonized Korea since the 1910s on the one hand and to resist the overwhelming power of western culture imported through Japan on the other hand. In other words, it was closely related with the cultural-field of that period. Based on these results of this research, I tried to outline what the mode of 'Sin-Pa' was, what it reflected, and what it desired for under the influence of the contemporary cultural conditions. I analysed double qualities of 'Sin-Pa' play as a dominant narrative and/or a resistant narrative considering its relationship with the people of colonized Korea. And also I examined the place of the 'Sin-Pa' play in the history of theatre and in the history of culture.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.22
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• pp.223-252
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• 2011

If we remember that modern world history has built systems of meaning through the concepts "difference," "different," and "other-ness" and has constructed new identity based on opposing hierarchy, music anthropology which tried to build "difference" between the west and the non-west was thoroughly west -centered, in the sense that it has perceived the heterogeneous symbolic systems among nations, as well as the barrier between the two cultures. On the other hand, world music, which has emerged as the most attractive field in culture industry and concert-art-market by crossing over global capitals, markets, and barriers, can be considered the most post-modernist and glocal. However, it is interesting to note that world music, which has been described as post-modern and glocal, has "difference" and "different" in its basis, just like the precepts for modern music anthropology (Meintjes 1990; Guilbault 1993; Taylor 1997; Frith 2000; Feld 1988). Furthermore, one can understand that the "different" and "difference," generally termed as being "non-western," are fundamentally based on ethnic or national imagination. In this sense it is interesting and important to examine such ethnic imagination in the "non-western ethnic musics" in music anthropology and in world music. Notwithstanding the attention paid and research made by music anthropologists, they have failed to elevate the "non-western ethnic musics" to become universally communicative, and these ethnic musics were reborn as "global" and "world music," through the process of "acculturation," "derivation," and "hybridization," with the west as major site for production and consumption. Meanwhile, the audience for world music, which did not exist before the birth of world music as a term, was now born as world music emerged. They are global populace who consume the musical "difference" and "imagined ethnicity," who through their consumption are constructing new social meanings including ethnicity, race, nation, and class identity. This study, by examining current discourse, performance, and process for the world music through media and field studies and scholarly debates, attempts to understand the production and consumption of "imagined ethnicity." This will also shed light on how "ethnicity" is created and consumed, and how this is involved in the process of world music.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.7-25
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• 2006

This research examines symbolic meanings of architectural style of Japanese ruling era of Korea through analysis of Expo buildings. Expo buidings of Joseon Product Evaluation Expo(1915), Joseon Expo(1929), and Joseon Grand Expo(1940) are chosen as subjects of this research. Expos held in Korea since 1945 were creatures of colonial reign and their objectives are advertising the advancement of Japan. New and latest architectural styles of Western countries were used as a symbol of advancement in non-western countries. Renaissance style and Secession style in Joseon Product Evaluation Expo and Modernism style in Joseon Expo were introduced as architectural styles that symbolize advancement. On the contrary, the traditional architectural style of Joseon Dynasty was distorted as symbol of backwardness. Latest Western Architectural Styles were used elaborately and Intentionally to symbolize advancement and industrialization by Japanese ruling power and companies. Specially, Modernism style operating as 'symbol of advancement' is characteristic of non-western society in attempt to proceed Modernization through Westernization. Also, it can be suggested that architectures in Modernism style are used in ways to symbolize the advancement of the colonial reign authorities within the colonial society.

• KLA journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.10-12
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• 1980

우리 나라의 도서관사업은 본협회가 실질적으로 창립되어 활동하기 시작한 1956년부터라고 볼 수 있겠다. 그동안 모든 분야의 변화 및 발전과 더불어 우리 도서관도 괄목할 만큼 개선되고 발전되었다. 특히 최근에 이르러서는 근대화의 촉진으로 말미암아 정보산업사회가 되어 도서관봉사의 필요성은 날로 증대되고 있다. 이에 대처하기 위한 도서관운영기법이 선진외국의 경우 놀라우리만큼 현대화되었고, 우리도 나름대로 우리의 현실에 맞는 도서관발전을 도모키 위하여 끊임 없는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 이제 우리 도서관계도 초창기적 발전 단계를 벗어난 시점에 있으며, 이에 따라서 앞으로 전체도서관발전방향이 제시되고, 이에 의하여 계획적인 도서관 발전을 추진할 필요성이 대두되어 본협회에서는 이 문제를 이미 지난 1975년부터 검토하기 시작하였고, 1978년에는 이를 구체화시켜 긴 안목에 선 도서관발전계획서를 작성키로 하여 그 기초자료를 준비하기에 이르렀다. 이 연구논문은 이러한 취지에서 1978년 본협회가 이봉순 부회장에게 의뢰하여 완성된 것이다. 이봉순 부회장은 협회의 의뢰를 받고 구자영(이대교수), 이효정(중대교수), 임명순(중대교수)등 연구팀을 구성하여 아산사회복지사업재단의 연구비를 받아 진행하게 되었다. 이 논문은 이미 창립 20주년 이화여자대학교 도서관학과 기념논문집(1979)에 발표된 것으로 199면에 달하는 장편의 연구논문이다. 이번에 본 월보에 이를 요약하여 게재하는 것은 도서관발전책에 관한 귀중한 연구자료를 널리 알림으로써 앞으로 확정될 우리 나라 도서관발전계획서 작성에 도움을 주고자 하는 것이다. 이상적이고 바람직한 훌륭한 한국도서관발전계획서가 작성될 수 있도록 여러분들의 적극적인 관심과 참여를 바라며, 새로운 의견이나 자료가 있으면 다수 제안하여 주시기 바란다.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.329-351
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• 2005

This study intends to make a comprehensive inquiry about the intellectual foundation of cataloging research in Korea. Emphasis was on analyzing how both Pertinent and indigenous the Korean cataloging theory and practice have been developed to the Korean bibliographic environments. To the end, this study collected and examined exhaustively the research articles produced from the early 1950's to the Present In Korea. These articles are divided and reviewed into four periods: the period of (1) beginning research activities, (2) compiling the Korean cataloging tools, (3) applying cataloging automation, (4) introducing metadata. The focus was on investigating their intrinsic values and philosophies about information organization.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.02b
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• pp.33-38
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• 2006

뉴미디어의 특성을 지니며 더욱 다양한 가능성과 관계를 열어나가게 된 오늘날의 현대 건축은 근대 이전의 구축적 양식 중심의 형식으로부터의 탈피, 디자인 분야의 심미적 발달, 자연 친화적인 관점으로의 발달, 그리고 무엇보다 인간 중심의 건축 발달 등으로 인해 구조, 실체와의 관련성 이외에 표면(surface)으로의 관심이 집중되면서 감상적인 공간 구조를 낳고 있다. 이는 표면이 공간적인 효과를 내는 표면을 통해 새로운 소통의 길이 열리게 되고 건축물 그 자체의 자율성을 표현하는 동시에 주변 컨텍스트에 동참하게 되므로 경계 영역으로서의 의미를 전달하는 인터페이스로 발전해 가고 있음을 시사한다. 또한 최근에는 더욱 적극적인 미디어 재료의 사용으로 건축의 표면이라기보다는 오히려 독립된 스크린으로써의 모습을 보여주고 있고, 그에 더해 다양한 미디어 아트 작업의 차용으로 표면의 스크린화는 더욱 진화하며 이전과는 또 다른 효과와 의미를 전달하고 있는데, 이는 공간 사용자의 능동적인 수용 형태를 인지하고 건축을 완성하는데 있어서 중요한 주체가 됨을 시사한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 건축 표면이 가진 인터페이스로서의 특성과 최근의 적극적인 미디어 재료 사용 및 미디어 아트 차용을 통한 다양하고 새로운 소통의 시도를 분석해 봄으로써 건축 표면이 가지는 더욱 넓은 범위에서의 가능성과 잠재력을 건축 그 자체가 가지는 특성 안에서 뿐만 아니라 수용자와의 상호관계 안에서 또한 연구해 보고자 하였다.