• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.423-430
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• 2004

This Study on three different methods which are Von Graefe test, Maddox Rod test and Howell card test of measuring far and near lateral phoria investigated. It reviewed that 420 subjects aged from 15 to 35 years old. The result were as follows; 1. Using Von Graefe lateral phoria measurement, they were measured 6% for orthophoria, 62% for exophoria, 32% for esophoria at far distance. 2. Using Von Graefe lateral phoria measurement, they were measured 2% for orthophoria, 74% for exophoria, 24% for esophoria at near distance. 3. Using Maddox Rod lateral phoria measurement, they 59% for exophoria, 37% for esophoria at far distance. 4. Using Maddox Rod lateral phoria measurement, they 67% for exophoria, 30% for esophoria at near distance. 5. Using Howell card lateral phoria measurement, they 60% for exophoria, 32% for esophoria at far distance. 6. Using Howell card lateral phoria measurement, they 69% for exophoria, 27% for esophoria at near distance.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate how phoria variations would vary with head positions, as well as to review the need to differentiate prism placement over either eye in a relation to the imbalance of the extraocular muscle. Methods: This study was carried out with 44 males (88 eyes) and 16 females (32 eyes) aged between 20 and 30. For all subjects, testings were performed using cover test, subjective refraction, phoria and vergence test. To analyze phoria variations comparatively for the head tilt test and the face turn test, phoria deviation were measured using the von Graefe. Results: For the phoria variation related with head tilt and face turn, a significant difference was observed in the group judged to be abnormal on the horizontal phoria of Morgan' norm (p<0.05); especially in patients who needed near prescription of Sheard's criterion, a higher variation was observed (p<0.05). The abnormal group was composed of patients who needed distance prescription of Sheard's criterion and ones who did not need the prescription, all of whom showed phoria variations, but the mean value was less than the near. Conclusions: With regard to the head tilt and face turn related phoria level, the patients who needed near horizontal prism prescription of Sheard's criterion showed a remarkably higher variation. Altogether, it is deemed to check whether extraocular muscles are ill-balanced in both eyes previously to determine the prism power on phoria level to the end that each of prism powers may be accurately determined.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.251-255
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• 2004

Our research is about the measurement of the distance & near horizontal phoria by the Von Graefe test. The inspection was processed about normal 60 subjects(120eyes) aged from 20 to 30) years old by the subjective method of refraction. Among 120 eyes, the myopia is 64eyes(53%) and the emmetropia is 56eyes(47%). In the measurement of the distance horizontal phoria, we could know that the exophoria is 40%(24 subjects), the esophoria is 40%(24 subjects), and the orthophoria is 20%(12 subjects). In case of the near horizontal phoria, we could know that the exophoria is 65%(39 subjects), the esophoria is 23.3%(14 subjects), and the orthophoria is 11.7%(7 subjects).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the differences among prism settings of the von Graefe technique for phoria measurement. Methods: Thirty eight healthy subjects (mean age $22.35{\pm}2.72years$) were tested with eye examination by interview, cover test, and refraction. Phorias were measured in a random order using four prism settings for the von Graefe method: base-in (BI) and base-up (BU), BI and base-down (BD), BU and BI, and BD and BI over the right and left eye, respectively. Results: Among the four prism settings in measurements of lateral and vertical phoria, there were not significant differences at distance, whereas there were significant at near. The reliability of near lateral phoria (ICC: 0.95) was good, but that of near vertical phoria was less reliable (ICC: 0.83). In comparisons of the paired t-test, the 95% limits of agreement, and mean difference between prism settings, BU had more useful than other prism settings at near phoria. Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that the von Graefe test with BU or BU including other setting prisms have useful methods, especially for near phoria measurements.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.59-63
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• 2009

Purpose: To investigate the near horizontal heterophoria of the college students in their twenties on north Kyonggi Province. Methods: The all subjects had not experienced any ocular surgery and have no disease and their mean age is 22.9. As 122 subjects, they are 50 emmetropes and 72 ametropes. The ametropes are all myopia. After distance visual acuity correction with subjective and objective refraction test, evaluated their horizontal heterophoria with red maddox rod. Results: In maddox rod test, the subjects consist of orthophoria 4.9%, esophoria 9.8% and exophoria 85.3%. In the emmetropes orthophoria is 8%, esophoria is also 8% and exophoria is 84%. In the ametropes orthophoria is 2.8%, esophoria is 11.1% and exophoria is 86.1%. The mean size of horizontal heterophoria is esophoria 3.59PD (prism diopter), exophoria 7.04PD and in the emmetropes esophoria is 3.25PD, exophoria is 6.60PD. In the ametropes esophoria is 3.75PD and exophoria is 7.34PD. Conclusions: In the emmetropoes the orthophoria is more than in the ametropes and the esophoria and exophoria is more in the ametropes. But the differences between the heterophoria and emmetropia or ametropia were not significant (p>0.05). The mean size of heterophoria is higher in the ametropes than in the emmetropoes. The distribution range of heterophoria is wider in the male subjects than the female subjects.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.53-57
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• 2009

Purpose: To study the relationship of N.P.C, heterophoria and near convergence and divergence by amount of the refractive error. Methods: All subjects have no ocular disease and their mean age is 22.7. All 39 subjects examined about refractive error, near point of convergence (NPC), heterophoria, near convergence and divergence. Results: Classified by low refractive state, middle refractive state, and high refractive state compared with the expected value of Morgan. NPC had been measured within low and middle refractive state eight all the 8cm. However, high refractive state measured 9.64 cm. Low and middle refractive state for the classification by near phoria. Near esophoria groups was smallest by near divergence and exophoria groups was smallest by near convergence. Conclusions: Near convergence were largest with esophoria while near divergence were largest with exophoria.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2005

In this study, we measured Near Point of Convergence(N.P.C) tests, Phoria tests using Von Grafe method and relative convergence tests on 138 men and 162 women, so a total of 300 subjects aged between 8~45 to examine the improvement of the fusion vergence through visual training and obtained as follows. 1. According to the results, the near point of convergence of 57 (19%) subjects were shorter than 7cm, and 243 (81%) were 7cm or longer, having a problem in convergence. After visual training, the number of subjects have the value shorter than 7 cm increased from 57 to 111 (37%), and the number of those have the value 7cm or longer decreased significantly form 243 to 189 (63%). 2. The results of the measure of lateral Phoria at far distance by Von Grafe method showed orthophoria 18 (6%), exophoria 198 (66%), esophoria 84 (28%). After phoria test, we examined the N.R.C and P.R.C test. The results showed that the hope finger was improved after V.T using B.l, B.O card. 3. The results of the measure of lateral Phoria at near distance by Von Grafe method showed orthophoria 6 (2%), exophoria 222 (74%), esophoria 72 (24%). After phoria test, we examine the N.R.C and P.R.C test. The results showed that the hope finger was improved after V.T using B.I, B.O card.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2010

Purpose: The repeatability of a new Red-Blue phoria chart test (Red-Blue phoria chart; RBP) was appreciated. Methods: Distance (5 m) and near (40 cm) heterophoria was measured in 38 visually normal subjects. Phoria tests using RBP, Howell phoria card (HP), and MIM card (MIM) were done and the repeatability of each phoria test was compared with one another. Results: The mean of horizontal deviations was that RBP was $-0.602{\pm}0.727{\Delta}$, HP was $-0.865{\pm}1.051{\Delta}$, and MIM was $-1.501{\pm}1.346{\Delta}$, at distance, and that RBP was $-2.566{\pm}2.352{\Delta}$, HP was $-2.804{\pm}2.411{\Delta}$, MIM was $-3.838{\pm}2.603{\Delta}$, at near. The repeatability was RBP>MIM>HP in distance tests and MIM>RBP>HP in near tests. Conclusions:RBP test is identified as a reliable phoria test having high repeatability.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2006

We researched distant & near horizontal heterophoria of myope using von graefe method on full correction condition for young people 49 subjects(98eyes) with myopia after testing the objective refraction. Among the whole subjects, we got the results as Orthophoria 51.00%, Exophoria 38.75%, Esophoria 10.25% and Heterophoria 49.00% at a long distant. At a short distant, they showed Orthophoria 22.45%, Exophoria 67.35, Esophoria 10.20%, and Heterophoria 77.55%, Orthophoria 22.45. At a long distant they showed Orthophoria 4.08%, Exophoria 8.16%, Esophoria 0% on high myopia, Orthophoria 18.37%, Exophoria 12.25%, Esophoria 0% on middle myopia and Orthophoria 28.57%, Exophoria 18.37%, Esophoria 10.20% on low myopia.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was to propose effective data for the clinical examinations of binocular vision by comparative analysis of measuring the near horizontal phoria according to accommodative stimulations. Methods: It carried out near horizontal phorias, targeting 104 college students (50 males and 54 females) aged between 19 and 24 ($20.27{\pm}1.31$). It made a comparative analysis of changes in near horizontal phoria according to accommodative stimulations by using the von Graefe, Maddox rod and the Howell phoria methods respectively. We have also investigated the AC/A ratio in all phoria groups. Results: As the additional lenses were changed to the negative (-) diopter, the near horizontal phoria changed to the esodeviation. At this time, the rate of change in the section signifies the AC/A ratio, and the values were not consistent based on the evaluating methods or on each section. The AC/A ratio of the esophoria group appeared the largest value in all groups. As a result of analyzing AC/A ratio at the exophoria group using the von Graefe method, the AC/A ratio was $1.568{\pm}1.937$ ${\Delta}/D$ on the additional lenses +2.00 D and $2.527{\pm}2.253$ ${\Delta}/D$ on the additional lenses -1.00 D and at the esophoria group using the Howell phoria method, the AC/A ratio was $5.521{\pm}1.337$ ${\Delta}/D$, $5.593{\pm}1.623$ ${\Delta}/D$ on the additional lenses +2.00 D, +1.00 D and $4.687{\pm}1.643$ ${\Delta}/D$ on the additional lenses -2.00 D. These were significant differences statistically. Conclusions: In the exophoria group, when the (-) lenses were added, the averages of the AC/A ratio were shown to be high but in the esophoria group, when the (+) lenses were added, the of AC/A ratio was high.