• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.214-227
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• 2016

This study was conducted to classify the vegetation structure of the Geumsan in Namhae-gun. Using the phytosociological method and DCCA ordination, the vegetation was classified into 10 communities of natural forests (Quercus serrata, Carpinus tschonoskii, Q.mongolica, Pinus densiflora, P.thunbergii, C. turczaninowii, Q. variablis, Zelkova serrata, C.laxifora and Corylopsis gotoana var. coreana) and 2 communities of plantation forests (Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica). Among the communities other than the plantation forests, the importance value of Q. serrata (45.7) was found to be the highest. According to the results of DBH analysis among the species with high importance values, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica and C. tschonoskii showed normal patterns in the size-frequency distribution, suggesting that these species will continue to hold their current dominance. The average soil pH in the communities ranged from 4.28 to 4.76. The results of DCCA ordination analysis showed that Q. serrata was evenly distributed in the high and low elevation habitats. P. thunbergii and P. densiflora communities were mainly distributed in the lowest elevation habitats on the southern slope.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2014

Forest vegetation of Birobong (1,563 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine broad-leaved forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation, 1 community of flatland forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 201 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 84 communities of valley forest, 15 communities of coniferous forests, 16 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of subalpine broad-leaved forest, 16 afforestation, 1 community of flatland forest and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis communities account for 37.08 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana community takes up 1.59 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 6.65 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Tilia amurensis, Juglans mandshurica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Populus koreana, Pinus densiflora are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Birobong in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis and Juglans mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 2014

Forest vegetation of Noinbong (1,338 m) in Odaesan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, subalpine deciduous forest, shrub forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 196 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 7 communities of other vegetation, the total of 203 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 62 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 85 communities of mountain valley forest, 18 communities of coniferous forests, 3 communities of subalpine coniferous forests, 4 communities of subapine deciduous forests, 2 communities of shrub forests, 1 communities of riparian forests, 21 afforestation and 7 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 54.856 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica - Cornus controversa community takes up 15.482 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 78.091 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Quercus serrata, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Odaesan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2019

This study was conducted in 2016-2017 to provide the basic ecological data needed to establish environmental conditions for the cultivation of wild vegetables. It used TWINSPAN to classify the vegetation structure of natural habitats of wild vegetable nationwide and DCCA ordination to analyze the correlation between the by community structure and environmental factors. We performed TWINSPAN on 100 taxa with high importance values in 91 plots of major habitats of wild vegetables. The vegetation was classified into Cirsium setidens and Synurus deltoides group, Ligularia fischeri and Hemerocallis fulva group, Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica group, Platycodon grandiflorum and Aster scaber group, Aralia elata and Pteridium aquilinum group, and Pimpinella brachycarpa and Osmunda japonica group communities. We then performed DCCA ordination of 11 communities classified by TWINSPAN and 11 environmental factors. The results showed that the altitude had the strongest correlation with the vegetation. The Cirsium setidens, Synurus deltoids, and Lifularia fischeri communities were distributed in areas with similar environmental factors such as high altitude, gentle slope, and nutrient. The Aralia elata and Osmunda japonica communities were distributed in the location environment with low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C. The Hemerocallis fulva community was distributed in the location environment with moderate northeastern and northwestern slope, low altitude and pH, and high $P_2O_5$, whereas the Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southeastern and southwestern slope, high altitude and pH, and low $P_2O_5$, which was the opposite tendency of the location environment from Hemerocallis fulva community. The Platycodon grandiflorum community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southwestern slope, low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C., and high $Mg^{2+}$. The Pteridium aquilinum community was distributed in the location environment with southwestern slope, low altitude, O.M, T-N, C.E.C, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $K^+$. The Aster scaber and Pimpinella brachycarpa communities were widely distributed in many plots with various location environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to survey vegetation characteristics of Jeopdo (island) for the construction of a database. We installed and analyzed 52 plots with 100㎡ quadrat to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The community classification based on TWINSPAN found seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus turczaninowii community, Castanopsis sieboldii community, and Actinodaphne lancifolia-Camellia japonica community. The vegetation in Jeopdo is largely composed of evergreen conifer trees community (communities I and II), Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community (communities III, IV, and V), and evergreen broad-leaved trees community (communities VI and VII). The evergreen conifer tree (Quercus serrata) community is currently competing with Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. The current state is expected to continue due to the lack of forces, such as Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia, in the succession middle stage and climax stage. The current state of Carpinus turczaninowii-deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp. community is expected to last for a long time due to slow vegetation development because of soil conditions. The evergreen broad-leaved trees community is transforming from the initial stage of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii through the stage in Quercus serrata to Castanopsis sieboldii and Actinodaphne lancifolia. The overall ages of the specimens were similar, and the oldest tree was the 59-year old Castanopsis sieboldii. The correlation analysis of major species showed a high positive correlation between Pinus thunbergii and Eurya japonica, Pinus densiflora and Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Actinodaphne lancifolia and Camellia japonica and a high negative correlation between Pinus densiflora and Carpinus turczaninowii and Carpinus turczaninowii and Eurya japonica.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2008

This study conducted a survey on forest and shrub vegetation in the riverside of the main stream of the Nakdong River on the southeastern part of Korea based on the method of ZM school of phytosociology. As a result, this study identified the vegetation units as ten associations and communities belonging to three classes, and four communities unclear to the upper units. The identified vegetation units were as follows: A-1 Acero-Fagetea class group, Fraxino-Ulmetaria, undecided alliance: 1) Fraxinus mandshurica community; Zelkovetalia(prov.), Zelkovion(prov.): 2) Zelkova serrata community, A-2 Salicetea sachalinensis, Salicetalia koreensis, Salicion koreensis: 3) Salicetum koreensio-chaenomeloides, 4) Salicetum koreensis, 5) Hemipteletum davidii, 6) Salicetum gracilistylae, 7) Salicetum graciliglandis, 8) Salicetum subfragilis, A-3 Rosetea multiflorae, Dioscoreo-Puerarietalia lobatae, Actinidio-Vition coignetiae: 9) Stephanandra incisa community, 10) Lycium chinense community, A-4 unclear upper units: 11) Clerodendron trichotomum community, 12) Ailanthus altissima community, 13) Robinia pseudo-acacia community. 14) Amorpha fruticosa community. The community units identified by the study corresponded with the result of cluster analysis quite nicely while the result of PCA analysis in multivariate analyses showed less correspondence with cluster analysis result, but it was interpreted as a degree of aggregation according to anthropogenic influence. The vegetation unit of forests and shrubs, unlike the herbal community in highly common with those of Japan, included five vegetation units unique to Korea at a collective level. On the basis of the above synecological study, this research discussed the relation between each community and environment, and natural environment, etc.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.482-500
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the phytosociological vegetation structure through a sampling survey of Mt. Jirisan National Park. And it was conducted to provide the latest data for establishing a conservation and management plan for forest ecosystems. As a result of TWINSPAN classification, it was classified into 4 communities. Group I is the Fraxinus mandshurica - Acer pseudosieboldianum Community, group II is the Quercus serrata - Quercus variabilis Community, group III is the Quercus mongolica Community, group IV is the Pinus densiflora Community. Group I is dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica in the canopy layer, and Cornus controversa and Quercus mongolica compete and maintain dominance. Group II is dominated by Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata in canopy layer, and Styrax obassia and Styrax japonicus compete in sub-tree layer. In group III, Quercus mongolica has a high dominance of 67% in canopy layer and 27% in the sub-tree layer, and Acer pseudosieboldianum competes with the Quercus mongolica in the sub-tree layer. In group IV, Pinus densiflora showed a high dominance of 74% in canopy layer. The sub-tree layer is dominated by Quercus mongolica, and is accompanied by competition between Carpinus tschonoskii and Fraxinus sieboldiana.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

Mt. Deogyusan, 1,614m in altitude, is located in the southwest of South Korea. Around Mt. Duckyu, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is the graceful figure of Mt. Duckyu, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefore, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from July to August, 2003. Weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Duckyu were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 8 communities and 4 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Carex bostrychostigma subcommunity, A-b: Artemisia princeps var. orientalis subcommunity, B: Sasa borealis community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Veratrum parulum subcommunity, C: Rubus crataegifolius community, D: Hosta longipes community, E: Tripterygium regelii community, F: Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens community, G: Carex okamotoi community, H: Lespedeza maximowiczii community. The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 34 families, 83 genera, 12 varieties, and 92 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Rubus crataegifolius, Sasa borealis and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2003

This ecological study investigated the vegetation changes of abandoned salt field, 21 plots(1${\times}$lm, 1${\times}$2m) set up by the methods of Braun-Blanquet and Elenberg in a coastal island, Gasado, Jindogun, from July to September,2002. The vascular plants of abandoned salt field in the surveyed site identified 17 families and 48 species. Of these species, halophytes and mesophytes were 20(42%) and 28(58%) species. In addition, the disturbance to this habitat led to the change of halophytes in abandoned sald field, exotic plants was distributed 23 species, which included Dactylis glomerata, Conyza canadensis, Oenothera odorata, Cosmos bipinnatus, etc., in the group of, mesophytes were 20(71%) species, vegetation communities were classified into 3 community types, i.e. the halophyte grassland community(Limonium tetragonum community, Suaeda japonica community, Spergularia marina community), the wetland grassland community(Phragmites communis community, Carex scabrifolia community, Phaceturus latifolius var. angustifolius community), and the mesophyte grassland community(Erigeron bonariensis community, Daucus littoralis var. koreana community). Each communities was described the structual, distribution and changes of the vegetation in the abandoned salt field, the vegetation table and actual vegetation map were prepared.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.439-457
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• 1993

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the forest vegetation on Imha-dam area, located at the northern part of Kyungsang-pookdo, Korea by the phytosociological method of the Z-M school. The field investigations were carried out in 60 plots around the dam area from May 1, 1991 to October 10, 1992. The vegetation data obtained were classified by the table comparison method. As a result, the following vegetation units were recognized: A. Pinus densiflova community A-a. Miscanthus sinensis group A-b. Carex humilzs group A-c. Typical group B. Quercetum variabili-serratae Kobayashi, Muranaga et Takeda 1976 C. Robinin pseudo-acacia-Conzmeli~ta comnzultis community D. Larix leptolepis community The vascular plant species of these forest communities consist of 63 families, 144 genera, 191 species and 30 varieties. Also the relationship of the vegetation units with their environments such as altitude, slope, topography and soil condition was discussed here. On the basis of the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and soil analysis, a sere for the forest vegetation was proposed as follows: Rohinia pseitdo-acacia-Conz~neli~za communis community and Larix leptolepis community $\rightarrow$ Pinus densiflora community $\rightarrow$ Quercetunz variahili-serratae $\rightarrow$ Quercus mongolica community. Lastly, relating to the nature conservation of dam area, some of plans were discussed.