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Choi, Seok-Beom
- International Commerce and Information Review
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- v.2 no.1
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- pp.67-95
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- 2000
Owing to the Boero Service, Global Trading will be materialized as international Business to Business E-Commerce. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. In the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. As bolero.net supplies the service of the title registry resolves the problem of Electronic Bill of Lading, the electronic letter of credit will be easily introduced. Thus, this study deals with the Nature of the Electronic Letter of Credit Transaction and the Presentation of the Documents, in particular, the Bolero Bill of Lading.
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Song, Jeongseok;Kim, Hyunsuk
- International Area Studies Review
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- v.14 no.3
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- pp.477-498
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- 2010
This paper studies economic growth convergence conditioning on various characteristics of East Asian countries. Our findings suggest that when trade openness is conditioned in addition to human capital and investment, the economic growth rates for East Asian countries converge faster than when human capital and investment alone are considered. In particular, while Northeast Asian countries exhibit absolute economic growth convergence as well as economic growth convergence conditioned on trade openness, Southeast Asian countries show only economic growth convergence conditioned on trade openness. Analysis of policy implications based on the results of the first East Asian countries' high dependence on foreign trade, trade openness in the convergence of economic growth has had a significant positive effect. Second, in order to establish a regional economic integration in East Asia, Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia, the country's economic growth is necessary to reduce the gap.

Li, Dong-Sheng;Lee, Jong-Min
- Korea Trade Review
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- v.41 no.2
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- pp.29-60
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- 2016
Research and Development(R&D) investment is an issue of central importance in any economy. In this paper we analyze the relationship between R&D spillovers and trade-related variables, using a two-stage model where duopolists simultaneously decide on R&D in the first stage and engage in Cournot competition in the second stage. We characterized and compared the free-trade and trade-restriction R&D equilibrium in a two-stage game of R&D investment followed by Cournot market competition. We also assessed the impact of varying the R&D spillover on the equilibrium outcomes and tariff. We showed for both free trade and protection cases that there exists a unique symmetric solution(subgame perfect Nash equilibrium). As the solution, while analytical, cannot be stated in closed form, we resorted to numerical experiments to investigate the equilibrium results. Our estimates indicate for both free trade and protection cases that the level of R&D investment and the rate of R&D expenditure decrease as the degree of R&D spillovers increases, and that there is an inverse relation between the degree of R&D spillovers and level of protection. The latter implies that the larger the degree of R&D spillovers, the lesser the level of protection.
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Utai, Uprasen
- International Area Studies Review
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- v.15 no.1
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- pp.3-30
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- 2011
When the European Union countries (EU27) are viewed as the composition between the old member countries (EU15) and the new member states (NMS12), the statistics exhibit that the EU15 is the largest trade partner of the NMS12. According to the Korea-EU FTA agreement, the existing patterns of trade among the EU15, the NMS12, and Korea may create not only the increase in trade opportunity between the NMS12 and Korea, but also the higher rivalry threat on export from the NMS12 to the EU15 destination due to the potential increase in export from Korea to the EU15 market. This research examines in both potential impacts at the 3-digit level of SITC Rev.3 industry, in the point of view of the NMS12. Various conventional trade indices are employed in the study. However, the existing trade index exhibits the limitation for measuring the different degree of rivalry threat on exports of two different exporters in the same export destination. Hence, this study develops a new trade index, the so-called Rivalry Threat Index (RTI), to measure the export competition between the NMS12 and Korea in the EU15 destination. The results indicate that from the point of view of the NMS12, the EU-Korea FTA agreement may cause Korea acts as a trade partner and as an export competitor simultaneously.