• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-28
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• 2016

While product liability has been settled as a technical term in civil law, criminal law does not commonly accept technical term for it. Not like civil law, product liability in criminal law point outs individual responsibility and disability of normative order. Meaning that causation between individual's action of violation of duty and the result of danger of legal interest or infringement of legal interest must be proved. In criminal law excluding "non-result-constituted crimes (Unternehmensdelikt)", charge of injuring, accidental infliction of injury, homicide or involuntary manslaughter is problematic in product liability. Of course, it is necessary to distinguish whether the action related to the outcome is act or ommission. Also the causal relationship between the action and the result must be proved, and the intention or negligence should be recognized. In this paper, it analyzes cases that were problematic in Korea, Germany, Spain, etc. Mainly focusing on the problems revealed in the determination of causal relationship, especially recognizing criminal liability related to products. Furthermore it is followed by the view of reviewing the cause-and-effect relationship by 2 steps, dividing natural scientific causation and the normative causal relationship. In this process, to acknowledge criminal product liability in accordance with recognizing cause-and-effect relationship, there should be general risk of specific substance causing the outcome. This only premise can be meaningful to examine the casual relationship from specific cases. As it shows in some cases and theories, it is not contradicting general law of cause and effect by determining specific causal relationship by free evaluation of evidence if a general causal relationship does not exist. Also since judge's testimony does not hold a dominant position from rule of thumb, it is possible to recognize specific causal relationship. However this paper takes position that if there is no objective and reasonably undeniable cause and effect law. If there is no objective and reasonably undeniable causal law, which is the premise for recognizing concrete causal relations, judge should sentence guilty according to "in dubio pro reo" principle. In addition, it is not allowed for the defendant to burden unproven fact by free evaluation of evidence which has an effect of shift of burden of proof.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.159-175
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship between trading volume of freight and industrial growth in Korea ports, and to induce policy implications. In order to test whether time series data is stationary and the model is fitness or not, we put in operation unit root test, cointegration test. And we apply Granger causality based on an error correction model, Hsiao(1981) method and variance decomposition. The results indicate that the extent of causality between trading volume of freight and industrial growth is strong in order of Incheon port, Busan port, Gwang Yang port, Ulsan port. We can infer policy suggestions as follows; The port policy of government must be focused on re-adjusting investment among Korea ports and raising competitive power of Korea ports

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.117-140
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• 1991

The purpose of this paper is primarily to introduce a nonparametric statistical tool developed by Baek and Brock to detect a unidirectional causal ordering between two economic variables and apply it to interesting macroeconomic relationships among money, production and prices. It can be applied to any other causal structure, for instance, defense spending and economic performance, stock market index and market interest rates etc. A key building block of the test for nonlinear Granger causality used in this paper is the correlation. The main emphasis is put on nonlinear causal structure rather than a linear one because the conventional F-test provides high power against the linear causal relationship. Based on asymptotic normality of our test statistic, the nonlinear causality test is finally derived. Size of the test is reported for some parameters. When it is applied to a money, production and prices model, some evidences of nonlinear causality are found by the corrected size of the test. For instance, nonlinear causal relationships between production and prices are demonstrated in both directions, however, these results were ignored by the conventional F-test. A similar results between money and prices are obtained at high lag variables.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.55-74
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• 1991

토지문제(土地問題)의 심각성에 대한 사회적(社會的) 합의(合意)에도 불구하고 정부의 개입으로 시정되어야 할 구체적인 정책목표(政策目標)가 무엇인가에 대한 검토(檢討)는 부족한 설정이며, 이를 위해 지가상승(地價上昇)의 원인과 결과에 대한 실증분석(實證分析)을 시도한 예도 찾아보기 힘들다. 본고는 지가상승률(地價上昇率)과 일단의 거시경제변수(巨視經濟變數) 변화율(變化率) 사이에 Granger 개념의 인과관계(因果關係)가 존재하는가를 검증하고 그 현실적인 의미를 살펴보고 있다. 지가상승추세(地價上昇趨勢)를 변화시킬 수 있는 거시변수(巨視變數)는 통화량(通貨量), 민간건설생산(民間建設生産), 주가지수(株價指數)의 변화 등이며, 지가상승이 영향을 미치는 변수(變數)들은 주가지수(株價指數), 실질생산(實質生産) 및 민간건설생산(民間建設生産)의 변화(變化), 사채이자율(私債利子率)로 나타났다. 여기서 포착된 경험적 증거들은 인과관계(因果關係)의 작동경로를 설명하는 이론과 결합되어 발전되어야 할 것이나 우리의 분석결과로부터도 몇가지 정책적(政策的) 시사점(示唆點)을 끌어 낼 수 있다. 무엇보다도, 지가상승(地價上昇)을 거시경제현상(巨視經濟現像)으로 파악하는 것이 필요하며, 거시경제환경이 불안정한 경우 토지조세(土地租稅)와 같은 미시적(微視的) 정책수단(政策手段)이 지가안정 등의 정책목표(政策目標)를 달성하는 데는 뚜렷한 한계가 있다는 것이다. 지가상승(地價上昇)이 물가상승(物價上昇)을 가속화한다는 것도 중요한 점인데 통화긴축(通貨緊縮)과 같은 정책수단이 물가(物價)와 지가(地價)를 모두 안정시킬 수 있다는 점은 다행한 일이다. 또한, 건설생산액(建設生産額) 변화와 지가상승(地價上昇)간의 관계는 적극적인 개발투자(開發投資)가 장기적인 지가안정(地價安定)에도 도움을 준다는 쪽이므로 사회간접자본(社會間接資本)의 확충(擴充), 민간건설(民間建設)의 확대(擴大)가 지속적으로 이루어지도록 해야 할 것이다.

• 한국IT서비스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.667-672
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• 2007

본 연구는 말콤 볼드리지 요소와 BSC의 각 관점의 KPI 지수간의 연계들 통하여 기업 경영품질향상을 위한 평가모형 구축과 전략 설정을 그 목표로 하고 있다. 기업경영과 관련된 제 영역에 대한 고찰이 가능한 말콤 볼드리지 평가 항목을 살펴보고, 기업경영 성과 측정을 위한 구체적 평가항목을 제시함으로써 부서간 연계 및 인과관계 설정, 전략과의 연계가 가능하여 경영자의 전략 설정과 리더십에 도움을 줄 수 있는 BSC 항목을 살펴 본 후, 기업 경영혁신과 프로세스 개선을 위한 두 평가 항목의 연계를 통하여 평가항목 관리요소의 중복을 제거하고 동일화를 달성, '기업성과 향상' 이라는 공동 목표달성을 위해 MB 및 BSC 두 개선 노선이 시너지를 달성할 수 있는 체계를 마련하고자 한다. 이는 MB와 BSC의 연계방안을 살펴봄으로써 기업의 '경영품질'을 향상시키고, 향상된 경영품질을 구체적 항목에 의거하여 체계적으로 평가할 수 있는 방안을 찾음과 동시에 기업 전략 설정에 이바지할 수 있는 모형구축을 그 목표로 하고 있다.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.119-140
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• 2015

The domestic and foreign standards of school libraries suggest that school library should be run to give useful and pleasant experiences to students. This study applies Csikszentmihalyi's 'flow theory' to analyze the relationships between students' flow experience and their satisfaction about school libraries use. The variables selected in this study are students' satisfaction, flow experience, library skill, challenge of library use, types of library use and students' learning styles. The research model is designed by using these 6 variables in this study. The data are collected from 293 students and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results of this study are as follows: The entire casual relationships show that library skills influence in types of library use, types of library use affect students' learning styles and students' learning styles influence in satisfaction through flow. To improve students' satisfaction about school library use, this study proposes effective ways related to teacher librarians' role performances to expand students' flow experience and increase their library skills.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-32
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• 2020

Under the Korean case law, physicians are obliged to disclose or inform the risk associated with a specific treatment to their patients before they perform the treatment. If they fail to do this, they are liable to compensate pain and sufferings. If the patient can establish that he or she would not have consented at all to the treatment had he or she been informed, the physicians are liable to compensate all the loss incurred by the treatment. In this article, the author examines the legitimacy of this case law from the perspective of legal doctrine as well as its practical affect on the medical practice and the furtherance of self-determination of the patient. The fundamental findings are as follows: The case law that has physicians who failed to inform treatment risk compensate pain and sufferings for the infringement of the right of self-determination seems to be a disguised and reduced compensation of all the loss based on the possible malpractice, which cannot be justified in view of the general principles of tort liability. It is necessary to adhere to the requirements of causation and imputation between the failure to inform treatment risk and the specific patient's consent to the treatment. If this causation and imputation is established, all the loss should be compensated. Otherwise, there shall be no liability. The so-called hypothetical consent defence shall be regarded as a part of causation between the failure to inform and the consent. The suggested approach can preserve the essence of physician-patient relationship and fit for the very logic of informed consent better.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.377-386
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• 2013

The purposes of this study is to examine the effect of fitness Among Characteristics of CEO, Company's innovation and Management Control on Organization Performance. CEO characteristics are investigated by the risk-taking propensity, need for achievement. Company's Innovation are measured by product innovation, technological innovation. Management control are applied by action control and result control. Organization performances are analyzed by internal performance, growth performance, financial performance. the research methodology applied in this paper is contingency theory by Drazin and Van de Ven(1985) - selective approach, Interaction approach, system approach. This paper was applied by the Three way interaction term among CEO characteristics, Company's Innovation and Management control to analyze the influences to the organization performances. As a result of this paper, there are the differences between Two way interaction terms or three way interaction terms to affect the organization performances. this paper can confirm the desirable combinations between two or three variables(CEO characteristics, Company's Innovation and Management control) to affect significantly to the particular organization performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association for Survey Research Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.251-271
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• 2006

동아시아연구원은 중앙일보, SBS, 한국리서치와 컨소시엄을 구성하여 5 31 지방선거에 패널조사 기법을 활용하여 민심의 변화를 추적하였다. 패널여론조사는 개별 투표 결정요인의 역동성은 물론 요인 간 인과관계에 대한 분석에서 일반여론조사의 한계를 극복하는 대안으로 간주된다. 지역 패널의 경우 서울, 부산, 광주, 충남의 4개 지역 광역단체장 선거를 중심으로 1차 패널 각 800명으로 출발하여 4차 조사 패널 유지율 70% 상회하는 결과를 바탕으로 결정요인 간의 인과관계, 선거 운동의 영향력, 부동층 등 선거 연구의 핵심 쟁점에 대한 분석을 가능케 하는 자료를 구축하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 패널의 대표성 문제, 지역감정의 지수 계발 등 문제점도 노정되었다. 논문은 선거 연구의 핵심적 쟁점에 대한 논의와 이와 관련하여 일반여론조사의 대안으로 부상한 패널조사 기법의 장 단점을 논의하고 이의 구체적인 사례로 5 31 지방선거 패널조사의 기획과정과 결과를 보고한다.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.758-763
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• 2007

지난 2000 년대 초반 주요 대기업과 일부 대형 공기업을 중심으로 시작한 BSC 성과관리 구축 움직임이 공공부문 전반으로 빠르게 확산되었다. 하지만 BSC 성과관리에 충분한 준비와 변화관리에 대한 고민 없이 따라하기식 프로젝트가 잇따른다는 지적이 일고 있으며, 운영결과를 어떻게 검증하여 개선해야 하는지에 검증방법이 미흡한 실정이다. BSC 성과관리의 근간이 되는 전략체계도가 과연 설계시 생각한 대로 인과관계를 가지고 있는지, 어떻게 검증하여 개선해야 하는지 구체적인 사례를 통해서 제시하고자 한다.