• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-122
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• 2016

Numerous studies have evaluated the status of seaports. However, the majority of the research has approached this topic from the view-point of port capabilities, including locational advantage, infrastructure, productivity, and competitiveness. The position and/or role of a port can be understood more precisely and comprehensively by considering the interconnectivity among ports making up enormous global transportation networks. The main objective of this study is to compare the status of 82 container ports on the trunk shipping routes between Asia and Europe by applying the concepts of structural equivalence and role equivalence proposed by the social network analysis method. Network similarities and differences among competing ports in the regions are assessed by analysing their structural equivalence. Furthermore, the hierarchical structures of the ports located on the trunks between Asia and Northwest Europe and between Asia and the Mediterranean are constructed by evaluating their role equivalence. The results of this empirical research shows that Singapore and Rotterdam possess the most significant positions on the ocean corridors between Asia and Northwest Europe. Singapore also holds a leading position on the Asia-Mediterranean shipping route. Lastly, no ports located in the Middle East or Mediterranean regions have an equivalent weight to those of Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp on the Asia-Northwest Europe route.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.53-82
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• 2019

This study empirically conduct structural equivalence analysis based on social network analysis in picking up on overall structural characteristics of technological knowledge exchange in a regional cluster. Previous conceptual studies so far have argued that performance differences among structurally equivalent groups exist. However, because little research has been done to empirically investigate this conceptual hypothesis, this study is conducted as complementary to fill this void. For analysis, we utilize two-mode network data consisted of 2,550 firms by investigating 53 technological knowledge exchange-related associations within Gumi national industrial cluster. The results show that some structurally equivalent groups can be defined appropriately and its role can be conditioned by firms' salient characteristics attached to each structural equivalent groups. In addition, it is presented through the present study that performance difference in structural equivalent groups can be distinct by some selected performance indicators. Finally, this study suggests the need to advance the study of performance differences in structurally equivalent groups in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2014

This study dealt with the airport network applying the Structural Equivalence which has used in the field of social science network. It analyzed the size of aviation market and trade exchanges. The results between blocks through the Convergence of Iteration Correlation are as follows; Block 1 (major hub airport) and Block 5 (Australian and New Zealand airports) have a strong relationship between other blocks. Block 3 (CIS region) and Block 7 (Malaysia and Indonesia) have been indicated as relatively low degree. The structural equivalence analysis can be grouped as a small number of blocks with large and complex networks and also presented a significant result according to the nature of the relationship between aviation market and the level of trade exchanges.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.173-192
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the semantic ambiguity of coordination connected by 'and' in English and show a clear explanation for the meaning of the sentence. Two sentences which are connected by 'and' can be divided into the symmetric conjunction and the asymmetric conjunction according to its meaning. Especially, in order to explain the different meaning in the asymmetric conjunctions, we introduce the theory of presupposition and entailment, which provides the solution to the ambiguity in meaning. It can be said that presupposition and entailment can logically explain the meaning of natural language.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.323-328
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• 2000

국내에서 영한 자동번역 시스템을 1985 년부터 개발한 지 벌써 15년이 흐르고 있다. 15년의 영한 자동번역 기술개발에도 불구하고 아직도 영한 자동번역 시스템의 번역품질은 40%를 넘지 못하고 있다. 이렇게 번역품질이 낮은 이유는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있을 것이다. $\textbullet$ 입력문에 대해 파싱할 때 오른쪽 경계를 잘못 인식함으로써 구조적 모호성의 발생문제: 예를 들어 등위 접속절에서 오른쪽 등위절이 등위 접속절에 포함되는 지의 모호성. $\textbullet$ 번역 단위로써 전체 문장을 대상으로 한 번역패턴이 아닌 구나 절과 같은 부분적인 번역패턴으로 인한 문장 전체의 번역 결과 발생. $\textbullet$ 점차 증가하는 대용량 번역지식의 구축과 관련해 새로 구축되는 번역 지식과 기구축된 대용량 번역지식들 간의 상호 충돌로 인한 번역 품질의 저하. 이러한 심각한 원인들을 극복하기 위해 본 논문에서는 문틀에 기반한 새로운 영한 자동번역 방법론을 소개하고자 한다. 이 문틀에 기반한 영한 자동번역 방법론은 현재 CNN 뉴스 방송 자막을 대상으로 한 영한 자동번역 시스템에서 실제 활용되고 있다. 이 방법론은 기본적으로 data-driven 방법론에 속한다. 문틀기반 자동번역 방법론은 규칙기반 자동번역 방법론보다는 낮은 단계에서 예제 기반 자동번역 방법론 보다는 높은 단계에서 번역을 하는 번역방법론이다. 이 방법론은 영한 자동번역에 뿐만 아니라 다른 언어쌍의 번역에서도 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.151-164
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• 2009

Strategic alliances developed as formalized inter-organizational relationships are core vehicles to share information, resources and knowledge. The structural characteristics of strategic network constructed by strategic alliances have been important agenda in strategic management discipline. This paper has two folds in analysing the strategic network formulated by project level alliances in Korean construction industry. First, we investigate the strategic network using the tools and methods of social network analysis, such as centrality, cohesion, structural equivalence, and power law. Second, the performance of firms within networks are analysed longitudinally with panel data analysis. We have found that the strategic networks in this industry has scale-free characteristics, where the degree distribution fits the power law, and the vertically equivalent structure is clear. We also present that the performance of firms are continuously affected by the degree centrality of firms in this network for the last 10 years.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.13-23
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• 2022

In this study we leveraged a probing method to evaluate how a pre-trained L2 LSTM language model represents sentences with relative and coordinate clauses. The probing experiment employed adapted models based on the pre-trained L2 language models to trace the syntactic properties of sentence embedding vector representations. The dataset for probing was automatically generated using several templates related to different sentence structures. To classify the syntactic properties of sentences for each probing task, we measured the adaptation effects of the language models using syntactic priming. We performed linear mixed-effects model analyses to analyze the relation between adaptation effects in a complex statistical manner and reveal how the L2 language models represent syntactic features for English sentences. When the L2 language models were compared with the baseline L1 Gulordava language models, the analogous results were found for each probing task. In addition, it was confirmed that the L2 language models contain syntactic features of relative and coordinate clauses hierarchically in the sentence embedding representations.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.105-117
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• 1992

교착어(agglutinating language)에서는 다양한 통사정보가 독자적인 형태소에 내재되어 있다. 국어의 경우 형태소의 분석이 통사구조 분석에 선행되어 이루어져야 하는 이유가 바로 국어의 교착어적인 속성에 기인한다. 이 논문의 전반부에서 국어의 교착성을 명확히 보여주는 등위 접속구문을 핵심어 주도 구구조문법(HPSG)에 의하여 분석한다. 후반부에서는 PROLOG로 구현된 국어의 형태소 분석기와 통사구조 분석기(PARSER)를 소개한다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.113-123
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• 2020

In this paper, big data analysis was conducted for past and present fashion trends and fashion cycle. We focused on daily look for ordinary people instead of the fashion professionals and fashion show. Using the social matrix tool, Textom, we performed frequency analysis, N-gram analysis, network analysis and structural equivalence analysis on the big data containing fashion trends and cycles. The results are as follows. First, this study extracted the major key words related to fashion trends for the daily look from the past(1980s, 1990s) and the present(2019 and 2020). Second, the frequence analysis and N-gram analysis showed that the fashion cycle has shorten to 30-40 years. Third, the structural equivalence analysis found the four representative clusters. The past four clusters are jean, retro codi, athleisure look, celebrity retro and the present clusters are retro, newtro, lady chic, retro futurism. Fourth, through the network analysis and N-gram analysis, it turned out that the past fashion is reproduced and evolves to the current fashion with certain reasoning.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2000.10d
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• pp.323-328
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• 2000

국내에서 영한 자동번역 시스템을 1985 년부터 개발한 지 벌써 15년이 흐르고 있다. 15 년의 영한 자동번역 기술개발에도 불구하고 아직도 영한 자동번역 시스템의 번역품질은 40%를 넘지 못하고 있다. 이렇게 번역품질이 낮은 이유는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있을 것이다. o 입력문에 대해 파싱할 때 오른쪽 경계를 잘못 인식함으로써 구조적 모호성의 발생문제: 예를 들어 등위 접속절에서 오른쪽 등위절이 등위 접속절에 포함되는 지의 모호성. o 번역 단위로써 전체 문장을 대상으로 한 번역패턴이 아닌 구나 절과 같은 부분적인 번역패턴으로 인한 문장 전체의 잘못된 번역 결과 발생. o 점차 증가하는 대용량 번역지식의 구축과 관련해 새로 구축되는 번역 지식과 기구축된 대용량 번역지식들 간의 상호 충돌로 인한 번역 품질의 저하. 이러한 심각한 원인들을 극복하기 위해 본 논문에서는 문틀에 기반한 새로운 영한 자동번역 방법론을 소개하고자 한다. 이 문틀에 기반한 영한 자동번역 방법론은 현재 CNN뉴스 방송 자막을 대상으로 한 영한 자동번역 시스템에서 실제 활용되고 있다. 이 방법론은 기본적으로 data-driven 방법론에 속하다. 문틀 기반 자동번역 방법론은 규칙기반 자동번역 방법론보다는 낮은 단계에서 예제 기반 자동번역 방법론보다는 높은 단계에서 번역을 하는 번역방법론이다. 이 방법론은 영한 자동번역에 뿐만 아니라 다른 언어쌍에서의 번역에도 적용할 수 있을 것이다.