• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3 s.108
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• pp.344-354
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• 2004

A pilot study was performed from September 2000 to April 2004 to examine the feasibility of the wetland-pond system for the agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The wetland system was a subsurface flow type, with a hydraulic residence time of 3.5 days, and the subsequent pond was 8 $m^3$ in volume (2 m ${\times}$ 2 m ${\times}$ 2 m) and operated with intermittent-discharge and continuous flow types. The wetland system was effective in treating the sewage; median removal efficiencies of $BOD_5$ and TSS were above 70.0%, with mean effluent concentrations of 27.1 and 16.8 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, for these constituents. However, they did often exceed the effluent water quality standards of 20 mg $L^{-1}$. Removal of T-N and T-P was relatively less effective and mean effluent concentrations were approximately 103.2 and 7.2 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The wetland system demonstrated high removal rate (92 ${\sim}$ 90%) of microorganisms, but effluent concentrations were in the range of 300 ${\sim}$ 16,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ which is still high for agricultural reuse. The subsequent pond system provided further treatment of the wetland effluent, and especially additional microorganisms removal in addition to wetland-pond system could reduce the mean concentration to 1,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ from about $10^5$ MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ of wetland influent. Other parameters in the pond system showed seasonal variation, and the upper layer of the pond water column became remarkably clear immediately after ice melt. Overall, the wetland system was found to be adequate for treating sewage with stable removal efficiency, and the subsequent pond was effective for further polishing. This study concerned agricultural reuse of reclaimed water using natural systems. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, wetland- pond system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water in rural area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1139-1145
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• 2006

In this study, antioxidant activities of enzymatic and methanolic extracts from E. cava stem and leave were evaluated by measuring the scavenging activities on 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and the inhibitory effects on DNA damage induced by oxidative stress of cells. Enzymatic extracts were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of both stem and leave using food grade five different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl, Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase). The enzymatic extracts were lower than methanolic extracts in polyphenol contents, but higher in extraction yield by approximately 30%. The enzymatic extracts were superior to methanolic extracts in DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities and DNA damage protective effect. There were no significant antioxidant activity difference between stem and leave, but the extracts of leave were relatively better than those of stem. In this study it is suggested that E. cava stem as well as its leave would be a good raw materials for antioxidants compound extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis would be a good strategy to prepare antioxidant extracts from seaweeds.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.593-631
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• 2017

Like the technological competition of each country around commercialization of Autonomous Vehicles(the rest is 'AV'), legalizations are also in a competition. However, in the midst of this competition, the Ethik-Kommission Automatisiertes und vernetztes Fahren of Germany has recently introduced 20 guidelines. This guideline is expected to serve as a milestone for future AV legislations. In this paper, I have formulated a new legislative proposal that will incorporate the main content presented by the Ethik-Kommission. The structure is largely divided into general rules of purpose and definition, chapter on types of AV and safety standards, registration and inspection, maintenance, licenses for AV, driver's obligations, insurance and accident responsibilities, roads and facilities, traffic system, and chapter on penalties. The commercialization of AV in Korea seems to be in a distant future, and it is possible to pretend that it is not necessary to prepare legal systems. But considering our reality, leading legislation may be necessary. In this paper, I have prepared individual legislative proposals based on the essential matters based on the criminal responsibility in case of AV car accidents. To assure the safety of AV, AV and mode of operation were defined for more clear interpretation and application of law, and basic safety standards for AV were presented. In addition, the obligation of insurance and the liability for damages were defined, and the possibility of immunity from the criminal responsibility was examined. Furthermore, I have examined the penalties for penalties such as hacking in order to secure the effectiveness of the Act. Based on these discussions, I have attempted the 'Autonomous Vehicles Act', which aims to provide a basis for new discussions to be held on the basis of various academic fields related to the operation of AV and related industries in the future. Although there may be a sense of unurgency in time, the automobile industry needs time to prepare for the regulation of the AV ahead of time. And a process of public debate is also needed for the ecosystem of healthy AV industry.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.32
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• pp.119-158
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• 2016

In this thesis we set forth the reasons for teaching classical river novels in secondary education, and investigated the guiding principles for content design of high school literature textbooks. Although classical river novels have great significance in cultural and narrative histories, they were previously consistently disregarded in secondary education. First, we looked at the need for including classical river novels in the secondary school curriculum to create a well-balanced education of classical novels, to link this with modern river novels, to teach the narrative styles and esthetics of river novels, and to let students understand the various cultures of the late Joseon Dynasty. Second, we examined two ways of educating students about classical river novels. For exclusively teaching classical river novels, we recommended the means of teaching and provided detailed guidelines by which they can be taught, as well as provided complete information about the family tree, the story unit, and the scene deployment. To establish the link between classic river novels and their modern counterparts, we recommended the process of teaching accession and transition of tradition by introducing the commonalities and the differences across three generations stories, besides discussing the viewpoints of female writers. When classical river novels are introduced in literary textbooks, students will realize the existence of such novels though they may not understand all aspects of the novels. We suggest that teaching and introduction of classical river novels in secondary education as soon as possible.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.21-29
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• 2021

Most concrete gravity-type dams in and out of the country were constructed by column method to control cracks caused by concrete hydration heat generated during construction, resulting in a certain level of leakage after impoundment through various causes, such as contraction joints and construction joints. However, due to the characteristics of concrete structures that shrink and expand according to temperature, concrete dams have vertical joints and drains to allow penetration. PVC waterproof shows excellent effects in completion of the dam, which however increases the possibility of interfacial failure due to different thermal expansion. Other causes of penetration may include problems with quality control during installation, generation of cracks due to heat of hydration of concrete, waterproofing methods, etc. In the case of Bohyunsan Dam in Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province, the amount of drainage in the gallery was checked and underwater, and it was confirmed that there are many penetrations from drainage holes connected to vertical joints, and that some of the PVC waterproofs are not fully operated. As a new method to prevent penetration through vertical joints, D.S.I.M. (Dam Sealing Innovation Method) developed by World E&C was applied to Bohyunsan Dam and checked the amount of drainage in the gallery. As a result of first testing three most leaking vertical joints, the drain in the gallery was reduced by 87% on the average and then applied to the remaining 13 locations, which showed a 83% reduction effect based on the total drain in the gallery. Summing up these results, it was found that D.S.I.M. preventing water leakage from the upstream face is a valid construction method to reduce the water see-through and penetration quantity seen in downstream faces of concrete dams. If D.S.I.M. is applied to other concrete dams at domestic and abroad, it is expected that it will be very effective to prevent water leakage through vertical joints that are visible from downstream faces.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.33-56
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• 2015

Trauma studies have provided useful models for dealing with the catastrophic and disastrous events that an individual and collective group experience. Most important of all, the perspective of post-structuralist trauma study, including Cathy Caruth, became a paradigmatic model and it has been applied to almost all contexts of life. The perspective of this study model, which is called an "event-based model of trauma," focuses on the literal registration of the traumatic event and the accurate and immediate recall of the past. The person directly involved in the event becomes the passive bearer transmitting the truth of a traumatic event. From this perspective, the traumatic subject only undergoes and endures the event and cannot play an active role in constructing trauma and dealing with it. Eventually, the truth of trauma has to be obtained at the cost of the traumatic subject's autonomy and the possibility of his/her agency. The problem here is that the truth, which is reencountered through the literal return of the past, obtained at the cost of the subject's autonomy, strikes a rather fatal blow to the person, than gives help for resolving many of matters surrounding traumatic experience and curing trauma. This suggests that the active way of dealing with trauma on the part of the traumatic subject, rather than the traumatic event itself, is demanded. Furthermore, because more recently, images of disastrous events were viewed "live" by audiences and an immediacy to the event is replicated in public discourse about them, the event becomes more immediately traumatic and there is a more strong presumption that people regard themselves as traumatic victims than before. This is the reason that we must explore an active way dealing with trauma on more human position at this time. This essay aims to examine the limits of the paradigmatic model of trauma study, an "event-based model of trauma," critically through a literary, theoretical text in which it reveals how the literal return of the traumatic past have a fatal effect on the victim; and hopes to suggest "the narrative memory" as a way to deal with trauma from a more humanistic perspective.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.191-222
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• 2011

Traditionally, the origin of the Han River has been thought as Utongsu(于筒水) and Geumgangyeon(金剛淵). As both of these places are located in Odaesan(五臺山) the $Ma{\tilde{n}}ju{\acute{s}}ri$(文殊) Holy Place, we can well assume the possibility of Buddhist influence on them. In the Buddhist understanding on the origin of the Han River, what we should first notice are 'the recognition on the water of Buddhism' and 'the recognition on the river in Indian culture.' With the reviews, we may come to see by what standpoint these could become existed, if there were Buddhist influences on the recognition of Han River's origin. Based on these Buddhist and Indo-cultural view points, the author tries to make more dearly the definition of Utongsu and Geumgangyeon that are recognized as the origin of the Han River. Through it, we can check the relation of Buddhism and Indian culture in their influence on the concepts of Utongsu and Geumgangyeon. In Indian culture, what is noticed in relation with the origin of the river is Anavatapta, in which the sacredness of the water named the 8 virtuous waters is recorded. It is the materialistic sacredness which can be compared with the sacred feature of Utongsu that "its color and taste are far greater than other waters, and so is its weight. ${\cdots}$ Its color and taste do not change even after it flows into the Han River." Furthermore, both of Anavatapta and Utongsu have the same symbolism of dragon that the highest dragon king and a divine dragon were told to live in respective lakes. This similar structure found in the recognition of two rivers' origin may become an evidence of Buddhist influence on the recognition of the Han River's origin. The recognition of the Han River's origin is based on the traditional culture. Therefore, it may be natural that there is the Buddhist culture in it. At the same time, some viewpoints of Chinese culture can be found in it. So, the traditional recognition on the Han River's origin comprises diversity and complexity of Indian and Chinese cultures together.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.129-145
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• 2019

For the design of composite breakwater as representative one of the coastal and harbor structures, it has been widely discussed by the researchers about the relation between the behavior of excess-pore-water pressure inside the rubble mound and seabed caused by the wave load and its structural failure. Recently, the researchers have tried to verify its relation through the numerical simulation technique. The above researches through numerical simulation have been mostly applied by the linear and nonlinear analytic methods, but there have been no researches through the numerical simulation by the strongly nonlinear mutiphase flow analytical method considering wave-breaking phenomena by VOF method and turbulence model by LES method yet. In the preceding research of this study, olaFlow model based on the mutiphase flow analytical method was applied to the nonlinear interaction analysis of regular wave-composite breakwater-seabed. Also, the same numerical techniques as preceding research are utilized for the analysis of irregular wave-composite breakwater-seabed in this study. Through this paper, it is investigated about the horizontal wave pressures, the time variations of excess-pore-water pressure and their frequency spectra, mean flow velocities, mean vorticities, mean turbulent kinetic energies and etc. around the caisson, rubble mound of the composite breakwater and seabed according to the changes of significant wave height and period. From these results, it was found that maximum nondimensional excess-pore water pressure, mean turbulent kinetic energy and mean vorticity come to be large equally on the horizontal plane in front of rubble mound, circulation of inflow around still water level and outflow around seabed is formed in front of rubble caisson.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.97-110
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• 2019

This study analyzed various factors of influence affecting the will to start a business and established and empirically analyzed a research model to see which factors significantly affect the will to start a business. To this end, we investigated the general characteristics and experiences of individuals, conducted a study on the will to start a business, and analyzed the entrepreneurship passion for startups, the ability to find business opportunities, and the ability to connect with partner companies. The intent to start a business survey was investigated in a recertive style with a 7 point scale, and the reliability and feasibility review were analyzed through the PLS analysis method, which enables the implementation of a measurement model and a structural model. To collect valid data, the survey was conducted using an entrepreneurial curriculum class hours to collect and analyze 421 data. In summary, the results are as follows: First, college students have many opportunities to develop their capabilities through competitions held by universities and support institutions, and by utilizing them, they have no fear of starting a business. Second, the ability of students to discover product clients themselves has been improved by fostering entrepreneurship in the special lectures on startup in universities. Third, it can be seen that it has received various information on startups from support agencies to enhance its commitment to startups. The implications are as follows. First, they should foster entrepreneurship among college students by offering practical oriented courses that can broaden their understanding of startups. Second, it needs to be improved from entrepreneurial enthusiasm to a program that can grow into a company that can collaborate with partner companies and confirm its commitment to corporate establishment and product development and determine market opportunities. Third, it is necessary to establish an ecosystem of start-ups that can carry out systematic planning and performance management as it is weak to carry out projects with will to startups.