• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.220-233
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• 1999

본 연구는 서열법(교호평균법)과 ZM학파의 식물사회학적 연구방법에 의해 대구, 구미, 김천 근처의 팔공산, 금오산, 황악산 일대의 참나무류 삼림을 분류하고 그 환경조건을 해석할 목적으로 실시되었다 교호평균법에서 추출된 stand의 제 1축상의 종의 배열은 식물사회학적 군락분류의 표징종이나 식별종의 후보 종군을 추출하는데 매우 효과적이었다. 이결과와 타지역과 본 연구지역의 낙엽수림의 조성을 비교 검토한 결과 이하의 2군집, 1군락, 2아군집을 식별하였다. 너도밤나무군강(Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968) ; 당단풍-신갈나무목(Acero-Quercetalia mongolicae Song 1988); 조록싸리-졸참나무군단(Lespedezo-Quercion ser-1-1 때죽나무아군집(Styracetosum japonicae subassoc. nov) 1-2 전형아군집(typicum subassoc. ) (Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae assoc. nov.) 3. 신갈나무-시닥나무군락(Quercus mongolica-Acer teschonoskii var, rubripes community) 본연구에서 식별된 군단은 우리나라의 냉온대 낙엽활엽수림의 북부형과 남부형에 대응하는 것으로 해석되었다. 서열법에 의해 계산된 제 1축과 제2축상에의 stand의 배열은 인위와 해발과 같은 환경경도상의 계열을 나타내었다. 이상의 연구와 함께 본 연구와 관련되는 사항으로 우리나라의 냉온대림의 군락분류학적 문제점을 종조성론의 입장에서 논하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.633-644
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• 1998

혼합설계의 교호작용에 대한 F 검정이 유효하려면 다표본 구형성(multisample sphericity) 가정과 다변량 정규분포 가정이 만족되어야 한다. F 검정을 실시하기 위한 가정들이 위반된 조건하에서 혼합설계의 교호작용에 대한 검정법들의 1종오류가 비교되었다. 비교된 검정법들은 (1) F 검정(F), (2) 절사평균을 사용한 F 검정($F_T$)(3)$\varepsilon$-수정 F 검정($\varepsilon)$(4) 절사평균을 사용한 $\varepsilon$-수정 F 검정$(\varepsilon_T$) (5) CIGA검정(CIGA), (6) 절사평균을 사용한 CIGA검정($CIGA_T$)이었다. 결과는 CIGA와 $CIGA_T$는 1종오류를 대체로 잘 관리하나, F검정들과 ($\varepsilon$)검정들은 일부 조건에서 아주 작은 1종오류나 아주 큰 1종오류를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2001

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the oak (Quercus spp). forests on Mts. Kaya, Bisul, Unmun and Kaji in southern Kyongpook Province, Korea by using a reciprocal averaging method (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. A temporary vegetation table was prepared by the RA ordination. The diagnostic species of the Quercus forests derived from the ordination were compared with the characteristic and differential species of the existing phytosociological vegetation units of the other mountainous areas of Korea. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into the next vegetation units: Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968; Acero-Quercetalia mongolicae Song 1988; Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae Song 1988, 1. Stephanandra incisa-Quercus mongolica community 1-1 Sasa borealis subcommunity, 1-2 Disporum smilacinum subcommunity; Lespedezo-Quercion serratae Takeda et al. 1994, 2. Spodiopogon sibiricus-Quercus serrata community. The Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae and the Lespedezo-Quercion serratae correspond to the cool-temperate forests of the northern type and the southen type (Honda 1922), respectively, in the Korean Peninsula. Also some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint in the present study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.374-374
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• 2012

최근 기후변화에 따라 강우양상이 급격한 변화를 나타내고 있다. 년 평균 강우량의 증가뿐만 아니라 국지성 강우강도가 현저히 증가하여 홍수의 위험이 증대되고 있다. 강우특성변화에 따른 정확한 수문분석이 필요하고, 설계홍수량 산정을 위한 강우의 시간분포의 선정이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 기상청 서울지점의 계획강우분포를 도출하기 위해 국내에서 사용되고 있는 강우 시간분포 설정방법 중 Huff의 방법, Yen-Chow방법, 교호블럭법, Keifer-Chu방법을 비교 분석하였다. 확률강우량 산정을 위하여 기상청 관할 서울지점의 1954년부터 2010년까지 67년간의 강우량 자료를 사용하였다. 빈도분석은 국립방재연구원의 FARD2006을 이용하여 적합한 확률분포인 확률가중모멘트법에 의한 매개변수 추정과 ${\chi}^2$기법 등에 의한 적합도 검정을 거쳐 선정된 GEV분포를 사용하였고, 강우의 지속기간은 100분, 180분이며 재현기간은 100년, 200년, 300년, 500년으로 였다. 강우시간분포 설정방법 중 첨두강우량은 대체적으로 교호블록법이 가장 크다. Huff방법(2분위)은 첨두강우발생 전의 총 강우량이 첨두강우발생 후의 총 강우량 보다 큰 경향을 보이나, 다른 방법의 경우는 첨두강우발생 후 총 강우량이 전보다 더 크게 나타났다. 많이 쓰이는 방법 중 하나인 Huff 분포에 관하여 좀 더 정확한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.89-103
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• 1990

An analysis of mean procedure is presented for testing the significance of two factor interactions for unbalanced case. When at least one factor if at only two levels, the technique is the same as that of Ott(1967) and Nelson(1988) except that we have used the critical value by using the Sidak's multiplicative inequality. The technique can be extended to the case in which both factors more than two levels. Tables of critical values g($\alpha ; (p, q) ; v$) are given for $\alpha$=0.05 and 0.01 ; (p, q) combinations satisfying $3 \leq p \leq q \leq 5$ ; and various degrees of freedom v. We present and prove the formula of the variance of the interactions for the n-way model.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.421-461
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• 2018

Windpower turbines have positive values for visitors with regard to tourism and learning. On the other hand, it is clear that windpower turbines have negative impact on the landscape, particularly when the level of landscape is high. The impact of windpower turbines on the visitor's value is composed of two elements: the viewingvalue which is independent of the level of landscape and the landscape value which varies with the level of landscape. The net visitor's value of windpower turbines is the sum of these two values with opposite signs. This study used a choice experimentation method to value the impact of windpower turbine construction in the mountainous area in Korea. This study estimated the viewing value, the landscape value and the visit value as the sum of the two values. The estimated results demonstrated a significantly positive viewing value, a significantly negative landscape value, and weakly negative net visit value in average.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 1999

Understanding of the relationships between seeding rate and planting date is important for production of spring oats during the fall season. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate seeding rate and planting date effects on forage performance and quality of spring oats(Avena sativa L.) at Suweon in 1997. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different seeding rates such as 150, 200, and 250kg/ha. The subplots consisted of different planting dates of spring oats such as 15, 22, and 29 August and 5 September. Dry matter content of oats was significantly decreased(P<0.01) as the planting date was delayed except the planting date of 5 September(24.8%). Dry matter content of forage oats planted on 15, 22, and 29 August was 23.0, 21.5, and 20.5%, respectively. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for dry matter content was highly significant(P<0.01). Crude protein content of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) from 15.6 to 27.9% as the planting was delayed, while a significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for crude protein content of oats was observed. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents of oats increased with early planting(P<0.01), but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. ln vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oats was significantly increased(P<0.01) as the seeding rate was increased together with late planting. Average dry matter yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) from 2,647 to 615kg/ha as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction was observed for average dry matter yield of oats that the seeding rate increase in this experiment showed better at early planting dates. Crude protein yield of oats increased from 171 to 410kg/ha as the planting was delayed, and a significant increases(P<0.01) for crude protein yield was found among the seeding rates. ln vitro digestible dry matter(IVDDM) yield of oats decreased(P<0.01) as the planting was delayed, but there was no significant difference among the seeding rates. A significant seeding $rate\;{\times}\;planting$ date interaction for lVDDM of oats was found. The results of this study indicate that both the seeding rate of 200kg/ha and early planting before 29 August would be recommendable for forage yield and quality of oats in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 2009

For the environment-friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, in spring onion fields, we have examined an alternative application method. Twenty-five insecticides registered for spring onion were tested for control effect against the beet armyworm in the laboratory, then the best 9 chemical and a single biological insecticides were selected and compared with 2 new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis in a polyvinyl house. After that, 4 chemical and 3 B. thuringiensis treatments were used in the field for the control of beet armyworm in the spring onion. Two application methods are used: one is triple treatments with the same chemical and the other is alternative application with different chemicals and B. thuringiensis for 7 days intervals. Indoxacarb WP - chlorfluazuron EC - B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 and indoxacarb WP - methoxyfenozide + spinosad SC - Chlorfluazuron EC - B.t. var. aizawai CAB109, B.t. var. kurstaki CAB141 showed greater than 78% mortality of beet armyworm larvae and greater than 43% damage decrease in spring onions infested by beet armyworm. These results showed that alternative applications had higher control effect than any other applications. It was suggested that alternative applications with microbial biological agents such as B. thuringiensis might minimize the development of insecticide resistance and might be used as the environment-friendly control of the beet armyworm.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.730-736
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• 2015

Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) is a high explosive commonly used for military applications. Submicronization of RDX particles has been a critical issue in order to alleviate the unintended and accidental stimuli toward safer and more powerful performances. The purpose of this study is to optimize experimental variables for drowning-out crystallization applied to produce submicron RDX particles. Effects of RDX concentration, anti-solvent temperature and anti-solvent mass were analyzed by the central composite rotatable design. The adjusted determination coefficient of regression model was calculated to be 0.9984 having the p-value less than 0.01. Response surface plots based on the central composite rotatable design determined the optimum conditions such as RDX concentration of 3 wt%, anti-solvent temperature of $0.2^{\circ}C$ and anti-solvent mass of 266 g. The optimum and experimental diameters of RDX particles were measured to be $0.53{\mu}m$ and $0.53{\mu}m$, respectively. The regression model satisfactorily predicts the average diameter of RDX particles prepared by drowning-out crystallization. Structure of RDX crystals was found to be ${\alpha}$-form by X-ray diffraction analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.313-327
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• 2013

In the study, three-dimensional geostatistical simulations on McMurray Formation which is the largest oil sand reservoir in Athabasca area, Canada were performed, and the optimal site for steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) was selected based on the predictions. In the selection, the factors related to the vertical extendibility of steam chamber were considered as the criteria for an optimal site. For the predictions, 110 borehole data acquired from the study area were analyzed in the Markovian transition probability (TP) framework and three-dimensional distributions of the composing media were predicted stochastically through an existing TP based geostatistical model. The potential of a specific medium at a position within the prediction domain was estimated from the ensemble probability based on the multiple realizations. From the ensemble map, the cumulative thickness of the permeable media (i.e. Breccia and Sand) was analyzed and the locations with the highest potential for SAGD applications were delineated. As a supportive criterion for an optimal SAGD site, mean vertical extension of a unit permeable media was also delineated through transition rate based computations. The mean vertical extension of a permeable media show rough agreement with the cumulative thickness in their general distribution. However, the distributions show distinctive disagreement at a few locations where the cumulative thickness was higher due to highly alternating juxtaposition of the permeable and the less permeable media. This observation implies that the cumulative thickness alone may not be a sufficient criterion for an optimal SAGD site and the mean vertical extension of the permeable media needs to be jointly considered for the sound selections.