• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.3 s.55
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• pp.123-129
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• 1999

Under the light condition of 25,000 Lux (12 hrs dark and light cycle) with scrapping treatment of aerial mycelia of Cylindrocarpon destructans on potato dextrose agar (PDA), V-8 juice agar, and ginseng extract agar, production of the macroconidia was increased to $3.7\~8.1$ fold over them produced in the dark. They were also produced $7.7\~18.0$ times more in the liquid cultures under the light condition than under the dark as well. PDA and V-8 juice agar among the tested were the best for the macroconidium production. On PDA, 1,585 $macroconidia/mm^2$ were produced under the light of 25,000 Lux with scrapping treatment of aerial mycelia of C. destructans, which is 3.2 and 1.4 times more than those produced under 3,000 and 10,000 Lux, respectively. Meanwhile, $20\~99$ macroconidia/$mm^2$ were produced by the non-scrapping under the light condition between 3,000 Lux and 25,000 Lux. The macroconidia were, however, lysed at $6\~7$ days after being incubated under the above range of the light. They were consisted of $1\~3$ cells in a macroconidium while $69.4\~100\%$ of them were the two-celled and the number did not seem to be affected by either the scrapping or the light. Production of chlamydospore converted from mycelia of C. destructans seemed to be promoted by the light and the scrapping as well. The 1,285 chlamydospres/$mm^2$ were produced with the light (25,000 Lux), which is 2.8 and 1.2 times more than those with 3,000 and 10,000 Lux, respectively. Scrapping the aerial mycelia of the cultures increased the chlamydospore formation to 1.9, 2.5 and 1.4 times more than the non-scrapping under the light intensity of 3,000 Lux, 10,000 Lux, and 25,000 Lux, respectively. On PDA, 1 to 8 chlamydospore(s) per catena were formed by all treatments tested and $34.2\~58.9\%$ of them was a single chlamydospore, However, the numbers was affected by neither the light ($3,000\~25,000$ Lux) nor the scrapping the aerial mycelia.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2000

In this study to produce large-scale scopolamine we were examined in the tumor calli of Datura metel L. induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens $Ery{101}$. The growth and scopolamine contents of tumor calli were higher under light condition than in dark. The optimum condition of growth and scopolamine production were fluence rate of 16 $\mu$mol $m^{-2}s^{-1}$, spectra of red light region and 16 hour light periods on 50 mL SH liquid medium in 4 weeks culture. To increase of the scopolamine contents in tumor calli, the optimum concentration of nitrogen source were 1.8 mM NH$_4$+ and 40 mM NO$_3$. The optimum elicitor concentration for production of scopolamine were 10 mg/L chitosan and 15 mg/L yeast extract. The effect of precursors were good at the concentration of 0.2 mM tropine and 0.3 mM tropic acid, respectively. In order to increase of growth and scopolamine contents. we induced mutant from Datura metel L. tumor callus. Mutants of tumor calli were obtained by 3 Krad, 4 Krad and 6 Krad of ${60}^Cor-ray$. Among them, 3 Krad tumor callus was excellent on the growth and teratoma induction. The 4 Krad tumor callus was negligible for both growth and teratoma induction. But the 6 Krad tumor callus was the best in growth and teratoma induction. The formation of the mutant calli can be enhanced through hormonal combination of 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyladenine. We carry out selection mutant tumor calli for high content tropane alkaloid and suspension cultures for scopolamine production.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.391-400
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of remineralization effects of various anti-cariogenic toothpastes on artificial carious lesions in primary and permanent teeth using quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) system. Sound human primary (n = 48) and permanent teeth (n = 48) were randomly divided into following groups : control group (Group 1), fluoride toothpaste (Group 2), functionalized tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) + fluoride toothpaste (Group 3), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) toothpaste (Group 4). Specimens were prepared by exposure in a demineralizing solution and then treated using the different toothpastes twice daily during 14 days. All specimens were analyzed with the QLF-D system. QLF data analysis indicated three different toothpastes showed significant remineralizing effects compared to Group 1 in both primary and permanent teeth. Also, the remineralizing effects in Group 3 and 4 were significantly higher than in Group 2. This study suggested that the toothpastes containing fTCP + fluoride and CPP-ACP have the significant anti-cariogenic effects on enamel demineralization in both primary and permanent teeth, and QLF-D is an useful device to assess the incipient carious lesion and remineralization effects of the anti-cariogenic materials quantitatively. Therefore, clinicians can consider the QLF-D system for the evaluation of demineralization and remineralization in primary and permanent teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1973

The stability constants of the charge-transfer complexes formed between three derivatives of nitrobenzene, i.e., 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene and eleven organic molecules such as $\alpha-picoline$, pyridine, dimethylsulfoxide, N, N'-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofurane, 1, 4-dioxane, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrine, and methyl acetate, have been determined by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy in carbon tetrachloride solution at 25.0$^{\circ}C$. The parameters of the electrostatic effect ($E_D$) and covalent effect ($C_D$) for the eleven organic compounds have been calculated from the modified equation of the double-scale enthalpy,$logK = E_AC_A+E_DC_D$ and also the shift of C=O vibrational frequency in infrared spectra for N,N'-dimethylacetamide have been measured from the solutions of above organic compounds. The empirical equation, ${\Delta}{\nu}_{C=O} = 37.4-5.47E_D+12.1C_D$, related to the parameters and the frequency shift has been derived. It seems that the stabilities of the complexes principally depend on the covalent effect. Especially it is found that $\pi$ orbitals in molecules, in addition to the parameters, play the important role in forming the charge-transfer complexes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.510-518
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• 2003

Protective effects of natural components including genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) from Glycine max MERRILL on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. Genistein $(10{\sim}100\;{\mu}m)$ suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner, and was more effective than the lipid peroxidation chain blocker, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (Vit. E). Glycoside of genistein, genistin, the water-soluble antioxidant, L-ascorbate, and the iron chelator, myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid dodecasodium salt (sodium phytate) did not exhibit protective effect against photohemolysis. L-Ascorbate and sodium phytate stimulated photohemolysis at high concentration $(500\;{\mu}m)$. ${\alpha}$-Carotene 3,3'-diol (lutein), a singlet oxygen $(^1O_2)$ quencher, exhibited pronounced protective effect, an indication that $^1O_2$ is important in photohemolysis sensitized by rose-bengal. Reactive oxygen scavenging activities $(OSC_{50})$ of natural antioxidants including genistein on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay were in the order of sodium phytate > L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin. $OSC_{50}$ value of genistein, genistin, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, L-ascorbate, and sodium phytate were 41.0, 109.0, 9.0, 5.2, and $0.56{\mu}m$ respectively. The order of free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity $(FSC_{50})$ was L-ascorbate > ${\alpha}$-tocopherol > genistein > genistin. These results indicate that genistein can function as an antioxidant in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to solar UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and to protect cellular membranes against ROS.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.470-476
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• 2015

In this study, three dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) isolated from Gnaphalium affine D. DON. extracts were structurally identified and evaluated for their antioxidant activities, cellular protective effects, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. affine was chromatographed, which yielded 3 DCQA derivatives of 1-3 : 3,5-dicaffoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA, 1), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA, 2), 1,5-dicaffoylquinic acid (1,5-DCQA, 3). The structure of each compounds was determined using $^1H$ NMR and MS analyses. Compounds of 1-3 showed strong free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}=3.70$, 5.80, and $5.50{\mu}M$, respectively) compared to those of a commonly used lipophilic antioxidant, (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($21.90{\mu}M$). Cellular protective effects of 1-3 compounds on the $^1O_2$ sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were similar to (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. 1-3 compounds also exhibited higher tyrosinase inhibitory effects ($IC_{50}=0.15$, 0.16, and 0.13 mM) compared to arbutin (0.33 mM), known as a skin-whitening agent. These results indicate that three DCQA derivatives may be applied as an antioxidant and a skin whitening agent in food or cosmetic industries.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.25-30
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• 1988

Seven rice varieties and $42F_1$ hybrids of $7{\times}7$ diallel cross were used in genetic analysis for grain size, weight and shape. Effects of average heterosis for grain length and shape showed significantly negative values. GCA, SCA and RCA variances were significant for all characters and also additive variance was more important than dominance variance for grain length, width, thickness and weight. GCA effects of BG 2 and Arborio were highly positive for grain size and weight, and those of BG 2 and Nagdongbyeo were highly negative for grain shape. Partial dominance was observed for all characters. The direction of dominance was negative for grain length, width and shape, and ambidirections for grain thickness and weight. The effective gene number was two for grain length and shape. Both narrow and broad sense heritability were high in all characters.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletes stores of cellular antioxidants. Fucoidan, polysaccharides containing L-fucose and sulfate ester groups, are constituents of brown algae. In this study, the protective effects of fucoidan on UVB-induced oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblast HS68 cells were assessed. Pretreatment with fucoidan significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in a dose-dependent manner. With fucoidan pretreatment at a dose of $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, the level of intracellular glutathione was increased by 21.5%, compared to UVB irradiation alone. Fucoidan significantly reduced UVB-induced ROS generation by 40.1% and 68.4% at 10 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, compared to UVB irradiation alone. The positive staining rates of senescence-associated $\beta$-galactosidase were reduced by 23.1% and 16.4% with 10 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ of fucoidan, compared to UVB irradiation alone. Fucoidan may exert a photoprotective effect against UVB radiation-induced oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.349-362
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• 2018

An annual plant, Eclipta prostrata (Linn) is a member of the Asteraceae plant family and inhabited in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. Through many previous researches, E. prostrata has been extensively studied for its hepatoprotective effect, antivenom potential against viper venom, antioxidant, hair-growth, wound-healing efficacy and so on. In this study, for better understanding of the potential of E. prostrata as skin protectant, we conducted the experiments evaluating the antioxidant and antiaging efficacy. To this end, 50% ethanolic extract of E. prostrata and its ethyl acetate fraction were prepared and investigated. For the evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the samples, $FSC_{50}$ and $OSC_{50}$ were estimated. As a result, $OSC_{50}$ of ethyl acetate fraction was 2.7 times superior to $OSC_{50}$ of L-ascorbic acid, a well known antioxidant agent. Futhermore E. prostrata showed notable reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effect and protective effect against $H_2O_2$ in the celluar level as well. Especially, in the $^1O_2$ induced hemolysis test, $64{\mu}g/mL$ of ethyl acetate fraction showed greater than 6 times increased retardation effect compare to control which means E. prostrata has remarkable antioxidant capacity. To validate the antiaging effect of the samples, we conducted elastase inhibition assay using elastase solution extracted from human skin fibroblasts, Hs68. As a result, $16{\mu}g/mL$ of each sample showed 6.8% and 14.0% of elastase inhibition respectively. Finally, antimicrobial activity of E. prostrata was assessed to validate the possibility as alternative preservative. From the result, ethyl acetate fraction showed oustanding antimicrobial activity as of methyl paraben, a well known chemical preservative. In conclusion, these results suggest that E. prostrata can be used as natural skin protectant or preservative as natural ingredient in food or cosmetics industry.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2022

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and protects the inside of the body. Ultraviolet rays cause various inflammatory reactions in the skin, including photoaging and oxidative damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Saponaria extract by irradiating UVB on fibroblasts. In this study, the effectiveness of Saponaria showing protective activity against UVB-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative cell death, and NO and PGE₂ production was evaluated. HS68 cells were irradiated with UVB(120 mJ/cm²) and treated with Saponaria extract at various concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 ㎍/mL for 24 hours. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by ultraviolet B were detected using a spectrofluorometer after DCF-DA staining. Lipid peroxidation was also analyzed by measuring the level of 8-isoprostane secreted into the culture medium. As a result, treatment with Saponaria extract effectively inhibited UVB-induced cytotoxicity. Oxidative cell damage was mediated by PGE₂ in UVB-induced HS68 fibroblasts, which was significantly inhibited by Saponaria extract treatment. In addition, it was evaluated that the protective effect of these extracts was mediated by the inhibition of intracellular ROS production and lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that Saponaria extract can be used as an anti-aging functional material because it inhibits skin damage mediated by oxidative stress caused by UVB and exhibits a cellular protective effect.