• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2001

The K-Ba complete solid solution of 7 synthetic hollandite-type minerals ($K_{2x}$ $Ba_{1-x}$ $Cr_2$/$Ti_{6}$ $O_{16}$ , x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, respectively) are studied by the X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement to find structural transformation during substitution of $Ba^{2+}$ by $K^{+}$ in A site of the tunnel structure of hollandite. Rietveld indices indicate that $R_{wp}$ with respect to $R^{exp}$ ($R_{wp}$ $R_{exp}$ ) are in the range of 15.66%/20.90% and 14.74%/l9.37%, $R_{B}$ and S(Goodness of Fitness) are 6.45~8.97%, 1.45~1.63, respectively. Unit cell parameters of synthetic hollandites, space group 14/m, are a=10.1194(2)~10.0599(2)$\AA$, c=2.9572(6)~2.9512(7)$\AA$, and V=302.75~298.66$\AA^{3}$. Rutile formed as an impurity in those with more than 50% K contents in hollandite series. Substitution of Ba by K ion in a tunnel structure results in constant decrease of cell parameters, but is not sufficient enough to change the hollandite structure. Our data indicate that transformation of tetragonal 14/m to lower symmetry of monoclinic 12/m in hollandite structure may at least be affected by other cation substitution in same A site and/or by cation substitution in B site.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

Organic smectite was hydrothermally synthesized by treating the opal-rich siliceous mudstone from the Pohang area with TMAOH solutions and 1:1 solutions of TMAOH+NaOH at $80^{\circ}C$ and concentrations ranging 10∼15%. Smectite was solely formed without accompanying any mineral products in case of TMAOH, whereas NaP and hydroxysodalite was synthesized together with smectite under the blending solution of TMAOH+NaOH. The synthesized smectite is identified as an organic smectite intercalating $TMA^{+}$ within its interlayer site, specifically corresponding to monmorillonite species, through mineralogical characterization by XRD, DTA, and IR analyses. The experimental results indicate that main precursor of the synthesized smectite is undoubtedly opal-CT, and the original sedimentary smectite included as considerable amounts in the mudstone seems to play a major role as Al-sources necessary far the smectite formation. Original inert components such as quartz and mica do not affect mostly to the synthesis reaction, and thus, are resultantly found as impurities in the synthetic products. These experimental results may imply that a new effective method for the low-temperature (less than $100^{\circ}C$) hydrothermal synthesis of organic smectite will be established if some Al-sources adequate for this synthetic system are available.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.12 s.271
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• pp.933-938
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• 2004

The clinkerbility and the behaviour of formation of $3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_3$ were studied using the mixture of waste oyster shell and spent oil-refining catalyst mainly by the mineral and microstructural observation. By virtue of the formation of $12CaO{\cdot}7Al_{2}O_3$ at relatively low temperature and its successive reaction with CaO, the $3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_3$ clinkers were formed easily without affection of minor constituents contained in oyster shell. Thus clinkers were formed at $1400^{\circ}C$ directly but began to melt incongruently at higher temperature above that. Aluminium hydroxide, however, was not desirable as an aluminous raw materials of the clinker because rapid melting occurs before $3CaO{\cdot}Al_{2}O_3$ forms main clinker mineral.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2007

FTIR technique was applied to delineate spectroscopic characteristics of natural, synthetic and irradiated diamonds. All of the samples studied in this work show the absorption peaks, which are generally observed in diamond as well as the specific one related to N in diamonds. Synthetic diamond is characterized with both the peaks of 1344 and $1128 cm^{-1}$ related to HPHT synthesis and specific $1050 cm^{-1}$ peak only observed in synthetic diamond, which can be used to discriminate natural from synthetic. Type (natural blue diamond: IIb, electron beam Irradiated blue diamond: Type Ia) can be used to discriminate natural from irradiated diamond. The intensity of specific $1450 cm^{-1}$ peak observed only in irradiated diamond is related with irradiation and annealing process.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2000

이성분 희토류 원소로 치환된 4종류의 합성불화인회석(synthetic fluorapatite) (Ap49: La+Gd, Ap50:Ce+Dy, Ap51: Pr+Er, Ap54: Eu+Lu; $Ca{10-x-2y}$ $Na_{y}$ $REE_{x+y}$($P_{1-x}$ //$Si_{x}$ $_{4}$)$_{6}$ $F_{2}$, x=0.13~0.12, y=0.26~0.42)을 대상으로 X-선 회절분석을 통해 얻어진 자료를 이용하여 리트벨트 구조분석을 실시하고 치환된 희토류원소의 거동을 단결정법으로 구해진 결과와 비교.분석하였다. 리트벨트 구조분석결과 합성불화인회석은 공간군 $P6_3$/m, 단위포는 평균하여 a=9.3906(1) $\AA$, c=6.8924(1) $\AA$, V=527.36 $\AA^3$의 값을 갖는다. 구조의 정밀도를 나타내는 R 지수를 보면 $R_{B}$ / 값은 17.29~18.80이고 S(GofF)값은 1.44~1.68로 계산되었다. 불화인회석은 9개의 산소를 배위하는 Ca1자리와 6개의 산소와 하나의 불소가 배위하는 Ca2자리가 있으며 Ca1-O의 평균거리는 2.563 $\AA$이고 Ca2-O의 평균거리는 $2.460 \AA$으로 Ca1자리가 Ca2자리보다 다소 크다. 구조자리 치환식에서는 $Ca^{2+}$ / 자리를 치환하는 $REE^{3+ }$ 로 인하여 전하균형을 맞춰주기 위해서 인과규소가 함께 참여하였다. ($REE^{3}$+Si$^{ 4+}$ $2Ca^{2+}$ : Ca1) 계산된 희토류원소의 자리점유율(REE-Ca2/REE-Cal)은 원자번호가 증가함에 따라 일정하게 감소하는 경향을 보여주며 이는 희토류원소의 거동이 LREE는 크기가 상대적으로 작은 Ca2 자리에 우선 치환되고 HREE는 크기가 큰 Ca1자리에 우선 치환되는 경향을 지시한다.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.316-319
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• 2003

스멕타이트계 점토광물은 팽윤성, 양이온 교환, 층간삽입 (intercalation), 콜로이드 형성, 겔형성, 층간화합물 형성 등의 기능이 있으므로 옛날부터 다양한 산업분야에서 폭넓게 사용되었다. 대표적인 용도는 굴착용 니수, 주형점결제, 농약 증량제, 토목용, 유기 스멕타이트 등이 있다. 그러나, 천연에서 산출되는 스멕타이트는 산지별로 성능이나 특성이 다르고, 불순물 함유등에 의해 안정적인 품질을 얻을 수가 없어, 최종제품의 고품질화, 고기능화에서의 대응이 곤란한 경우가 많고, 또한 양질의 천연 스멕타이트의 매장양은 한정되어 있다. (중략)

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 1994

An experimental study of iron-aluminium partitioning between synthetic garnet and synthetic epidote was carried out, as equilibrium was maintained in the exchange reaction expressed as follows : $Ca_3Fe_2Si_3O_12\+\2\Ca_2Al_2AlSi_3O_12$(0H) = $Ca_3Al_2Si_3O_12\+\Ca_2Al_2FeSi_3O_12$(0H) Temperature has a pronounced effect on the distribution of Fe and A1 between the minerals. However, the pressure effect is not so drastic as in the exchange reaction. With increasing temperature, $Fe^{+3}$ becomes redistributed from garnet into epidote, whereas A1 becomes redistributed from epidote into garnet. This is in line with the general principle of phase correspondence, as the temperature increases the more electropositive metal aluminium redistributes from epidote into garnet. The agreement between the experimental results of this study and the natural samples suggests that $K_D=X^{Ep}_{Fe}/X^{Gr}_{Fe}$ may be a useful geothermometer for metamorphic rocks containing garnet and epidote that are close to binary Fe-A1 compounds.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 1992

Through the low-temperature(60-150${\circ}C$) hydrothermal treatment of perlite with the alkaline solution at various NaOH concentrations, the mode of volcanic glass alteration and resultant zeolite formation were investigated in a closed system. At a temperature of 80${\circ}C$ and alkalinities of pH range 8 to 12, corresponding to the natural environments of diagenetic zeolite formation, only weak dissolution of perlitic glass occurs without zeolite formation despite the residence time of 100 days. Activities of Si and Al increase progressively, as a consequence of increasing pH, whereas activity ratios of Si/Al decrease. Zeolites were synthesized from perlite in the alkaline solution at above 0.1M NaOH concentrations. Below the temperature of 100${\circ}C$ Na-P was mainly formed, whereas analcime was the dominant zeolite at the temperature range of 100-150${\circ}C$. During Na-P synthesis chabazite and Na-X were also formed as by-products in case of lower proportion of solution/sample(<10ml/g) and higher NaOH concentraion (>3M), respectively. The alteration modes of perlite in the zeolite synthesis reflect that the formation of synthetic zeolites occurs as an incongruent dissolution likely with the diagenetic formation of natural zeolites from volcanic glass. Considering much difference in reaction kinetics between natural and synthetic systems, however, the evaluated synthetic conditions in these experiments were not directly applicable to the natural diagenetic system.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2001

방해석 결정 성장시 나타나는 미량금속 양이온의 분배현상을 표면침전 및 연속 결정 성장과정을 통하여 관찰하였다. A, B, C 유형의 순수한 방해석이 각각 3가지 다른 초기 농도 즉 0.02, 0.2, 0.4M의 $CaCl_2$.$2H_2$O로부터 형성되었으며 이들의 표면 형태는 합성용액의 조성과 성장 속도에 의해 조절됨을 알 수 있었다. B 유형이 표면형태가 좀더 복잡하지만 A, B 유형은 대체로 단순한{1014}면을 가진 방해석과 유사한 표면형태를 보여준다. 이에 반해 C 유형에서는 {0112}면이 주로관찰되었다. 순수한 방해석 위에 $(Ca, Me)CO_3$층의 대해 {1014}면 3 방향에 대한 전자현미분석 결과 금속이온의 특징적인 분배현상을 알수 있었다. $Mn^{2+}$ /과 $Co^{2+}$ 는 {0112} 에 수직으로 반면 $Sr^{2+ }$ /는 {1014}에 수직 또는 평행한 방향으로 선택적으로 분배되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 합성 방해석 표면 형태에 따른 금속 이온들의 분배 친화도를 Mn$^{2+}$ 이 C 유형>B 유형 >A 유형 그리고 $Co^{2+}$ 은 B 유형 >A 유형 >C 유형이다. 이들중 $Sr^{2+}$는 특히 {1014}면이 잘발달된 A유형에 더 많은 친화도를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2004

Phosphorus is one of the interesting impurities in diamond, because it produces n-type semiconducting character. The character has been studied with spectroscopic methods as well as electric method, but most of the diamond used for these studies are conducted by the CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) diamond. In this study, we synthesized the phosphorus doped HPHT (High Pressure and High Temperature) diamond and investigated the characterization using CL spectroscopy to determine how phosphorus incorporated. As a result, the undocumented peaks of 248 and 603 nm as well as the reported peaks (239 nm, 240 ～ 270 nm) at the previous studies were observed. These luminescence peaks may be due to the complex defect of phosphorus with other impurities such as boron and nitrogen.