• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-70
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• 2009

Floral study on the vegetation of 8 mountains including Taehwa-san, Mugab-san, Haehyeob-san, Guksa-bong, Gwanggyo-san, Samseong-san, Suri-san, and 200m peak neighboring to Mulwang lake was carried out from April to October, 2007. They belong to the middle part of Gyeonggi Province, and located between Lat. $37^{\circ}$13' 31.19" ${\sim}37^{\circ}$33' 3.48", Long. $26^{\circ}$43' 04.1" ${\sim}127^{\circ}$26' 28.38". Vascular plants collected in these areas were total 447 taxa composed of 386 species, 5 subspecies, 46 varieties and 10 forms of 262 genera under 92 families. The area from which the most plentiful plants were found was Mt. Gwanggyo-san. The areas with comparatively excellent vegetation are easy slopes nearby valleys in Mt. Gwanggyo-san, Mt. Suri-san and Mt. Haehyeob-san. Forests of the examined areas are generally mixed of Pinus densiflora and Quercus plants, but herbaceous plants covering soil are becoming nearly extinct by air and soil pollutions except some sites. Families with abundant species are Compositae, Rosaceae, Liliaceae and Graminae, etc. Endemic plants found in these areas are 8 taxa of Clematis brachyura, Euonymus trapococcus, Viola seoulensis, Ajuga spectabilis, Scutellaria insignis, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Aconitum chiisanense and rare and endangered plants are 7 taxa of Arisaema heterophyllum, Iris odaesanensis, Eranthis stellata., Aconitum chiisanense, Prunus yedoensis (cultivar), Viola albida, and Syringa wolfi. As to useful plants, 192 taxa for the edible, 132 taxa for the medicinal, 130 taxa for the ornamental and 11 taxa for the staining were classified respectively. Among 17 taxa of specially designated plants, 5th degree plants are 2 taxa of Iris odaesanensis and Prunus yedoensis (cultivar), 4th degree plants are 2 taxa of Symplocarpus renifolius and Syringa wolfi, 3rd degree plants are 13 taxa of Dryopteris gymnophylla, Juniperus chinensis, Betula chinensis, Betula davurica, Diarrhena fauriei, Aconitum longecassidatum, Eranthis stellata, Spiraea salicifolia, Acer palmatum, Vaccinium koreanum, Scutellaria insignis, Weigela florida and Adoxa moschatellina.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.333-345
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• 2009

Carpinus laxiflora communities are known as the climax forest community of the temperate zone of Korea. There are three Carpinus laxiflora communities in Seoul. The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of Carpinus laxiflora communities of Seoul and supply basic data for establishing of a management plan. The research sites are Sahmyook University, Mountain Dobong and Jinkwandong. This study considers investigation and the analysis of communities structure, soil characteristics and the growth increment of trees. As the result of study, we could know that the growth increment of the Carpinus laxiflora trees of Seoul is decreasing recently because of soil acidification and so on. Also the vegetation disturbance is increasing because of naturalized plant. Oak wilt disease has appeared in the oak forest around Sahmyook University that is the largest Carpinus laxiflora communities area in Seoul. For that reason the open gap was appeared in forest, and the spread of naturalized plants has been increasing in the gap. Furthermore, the Carpinus laxiflora trees are affected by the Platypus koryoensis which is a kind of oak wilt disease. And so, Unless there is a specific management plan, the survival of Carpinus laxiflora communities are uncertain in Seoul. Therefore the management plan of Carpinus laxiflora communities is necessary such as precise investigation, annual monitoring, etc. For the conservation of the Carpinus laxiflora communities, it is necessary to establish the management plan of the biodiversity for Seoul area.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

에너지 전달 과정과 밀접한 관계가 있는 증발산(Evapotranspiration)은 기후 변화나 육상 생태계 생산성에서 매우 중요한 요소이며, 수문학적 순환과 지역적 물 관리 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 최근 인공위성을 이용하여 증발산을 추정하기 위한 노력이 많이 진행되고 있으며, 특히 MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)는 증발산을 추정하기 위한 좋은 정보를 제공하고 있다 하지만, 구름 등에 의한 증발산 입력 자료 결측은 전체 자료의 획득률을 낮추고, 연속적인 증발산 모니터 링을 제한한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 MODIS 기반의 증발산 입력 자료의 개선하여 서로 다른 식생과 지형 구조를 갖는 플럭스 연구지에 대한 증발산의 추정 및 평가하고, 남한에 대한 MODIS 기반의 증발산 지도 작성하였다. 또한 구름에 의해 결측된 날에 대해서는 MODIS-MM5 4차원 자료동화 기법을 이용한 증발산의 연속적인 모니터링 기법을 개발하였다. MODIS 기반의 증발산을 추정하기 위해 Revised RS-PM 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 증발산을 평가하기 위해 4 곳의 플럭스 연구지(광릉, 해남 이상 대한민국, 타카야마, 토마코아미 이상 일본) 자료와 비교하였고, 매우 신뢰성 있는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. MODIS 입력 자료의 개선으로 획득률은 2배 가량 증가하였다. 남한에 대한 연간 증발산은 평균적으로 약 35%의 획득률 (365일 중 약 120일)과 함께 산출되었고, 시 공간적인 분포를 잘 나타내었다. 구름 낀 날에 대한 MODIS-MM5 자료 동화 기법의 적용은 증발산의 연속적인 모니터링을 가능하게 하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.78-90
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• 1998

This study was carried out from May 1993 to October 1994 to examine diversity of oribatid mites in Namsan and Kwangreung coniferous forests, which were considered to receive different degrees of environmental pressures. Also, environmental factors (pH of soil and rainfall, litter depth, organic matter) were recorded in the two forests. The pH of soil and rainfall were not different between the two forests, but litter depth and organic matter were significantly higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung (p<0.05). The dominant families (>5% of the total densities) were Scheloribatidae(27.3%), Galumnidae(13.4%), Oppiidae (9.9%), Hypochthonidae(7.6%), Suctobelbidae(6.6%), Euphthiracaridae(5.9%) in Namsan and Ceratozetidae(25.9%), Mycobatidae (14.2%), Oppiidae(14.2%), Galumnidae(11.4%), Astegistidae(8.7%) in Kwangreung. The numbers of species were significantly higher in Kwangreung (103 spp.) than in Namsan (74 spp.)(p<0.05). The total densities of oribatid mites were more abundant in Kwangreung (8,709 ind.) than in Namsan (5,899 ind.) and the difference was significant for density in litter layer (p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 1998

This study was conducted to analyze oribatid mites communities in deciduous forests in Namsan and Kwangreung on which different levels of environmental stresses might press, and to select potential condidate of biological indicator species. In overall, pH was lower in soil than in litter layer. Also soil pH, total nitrate content and soluble sulfate content were significantly higher in Namsan than in Kwangreung (p<0.05). The flora in Namsan and Kwangreung deciduous forests were dominated by Quercus mongolica, and Carpinus laxiflora respectively. It indicated that Namsan was in the lower stage of the floral succession. The number of species of oribatid mites was significantly higher in Kwangreung (39 families, 65 genera and 114 species) than in Namsan (32 families, 53 genera and 89 species) (p<0.05). Common species found in two regions were 77 species. Mean density of oribatid mites was 1.8 times higher in Kwangreung than in Namsan and this difference came mainly from litter layer. Among correlation analyses between environmental factors and oribatid mites density and species number, only density was negatively correlated with fresh litter depth in Namsan litter layer (r=-0.89, p<0.05). The pH which was considered to affect distribution of oribatid mites didn't show significant results.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.589-600
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• 2020

Effective conservation and management of protected areas require monitoring the settlement of invasive alien species and reducing their dispersion capacity. We simulated the potential distribution of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) using three representative species distribution models (Bioclim, GLM, and MaxEnt) based on the IAPS distribution in the forest genetic resource reserve (2,274ha) in Uljin-gun, Korea. We then selected the realistic and suitable species distribution model that reflects the local region and ecological management characteristics based on the simulation results. The simulation predicted the tendency of the IAPS distributed along the linear landscape elements, such as roads, and including some forest harvested area. The statistical comparison of the prediction and accuracy of each model tested in this study showed that the GLM and MaxEnt models generally had high performance and accuracy compared to the Bioclim model. The Bioclim model calculated the largest potential distribution area, followed by GLM and MaxEnt in that order. The Phenomenological review of the simulation results showed that the sample size more significantly affected the GLM and Bioclim models, while the MaxEnt model was the most consistent regardless of the sample size. The optimal model overall for predicting the distribution of IAPS among the three models was the MaxEnt model. The model selection approach based on detailed flora distribution data presented in this study is expected to be useful for efficiently managing the conservation areas and identifying the realistic and precise species distribution model reflecting local characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 1992

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Mt. Jookyup area in Kwangnung forest, thirty-seven plots were set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and two kinds of multivariate ordination(RA, DCA) were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification have been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into five groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be expected two ways in the canopy layer. The first is from Pinus densiflora to Carpinus laxiflora and the second is from Pinus densiflora through Quercus mongolica to Carpinus laxiflora. In the understory layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum ${\rightarrow}$Lindera obtusiloba, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Viburunum erasum, Styrax obassia${\rightarrow}$Euonymus sachalinensis, Sorbus alnifolia. As the result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables, they had a tendency to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to Quercus spp. community that was soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.87-99
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• 2009

We evaluated modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model's performance to simulate the seasonal variation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon and examined the critical controlling mechanism on carbon exchange using the model over a deciduous forest at Gwangnung in 2006. The modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (mSPA) model was calibrated to capture the mean NEE during the daytime (1000-1400 LST) and used to simulate gross primary productivity (GPP). Ecosystem respiration ($R_e$) has been estimated using an empirical formula developed at this site. The simulation results indicated that the daytime mean stomatal conductance was highly correlated with daily insolation in the summer. Low stomatal conductance in high insolation occurred on the days with low temperature rather than with high vapor pressure deficit. It suggests that the forest rarely experienced water stress in the summer of 2006. The model captured the observed bimodal seasonal variation with a mid-season depression of carbon uptake. The model estimates of annual GPP, $R_e$ and NEE were $964\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, $733\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, and $-231\;gCm\;^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Compared to the observed annual NEE, the modeled estimates showed more carbon uptake by about $140\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. The uncertainty of the estimate of annual NEE in a complex terrain is discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 2001

Aboveground carbon storage and increment of a 31-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida) stand were measured for five years (1997~2001) in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The carbon concentration in each component of aboveground and soil depth decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood>forest floor>0-15cm soil depth>15-30cm soil depth. The carbon storage except for root carbon was 140,600kgC/ha and the tree accounted for 61%, soil 31% and forest floor 8% of the stand carbon storage. Due to high tree mortality by Fusarium subglutinans infection and spring drought in 2001, carbon increment except for 2001 data was 3,233kgC/ha/yr and was in the order of stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. Carbon storage and increment were attributed to stand density and site quality. Carbon storage and increment were higher in the high site quality than in the lower site quality plot on similar tree density. Also, the high tree density site on similar site quality showed more carbon storage and increment compared with the lower tree density. The results suggest that site quality and tree density are a key factor determining carbon storage and increment in this pitch pine stand.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.453-464
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• 2023

To this day, conflicts have intensified between managers who want to preserve biosphere reserves and citizen who want to develop them. Based on this problem, this study seeks to investigate the establishment of a forum for communication between various stakeholders and to promote the economic development of local communities while preserving biodiversity. First, in terms of conservation, the results indicated that Gyeonggi Province and Namyangju City highly valued direct conservation activities in biosphere reserves, whereas Pocheon and Uijeongbu City highly valued indirect conservation functions through management or monitoring. Second, in terms of development, it was found that there were differences in the roles, perceptions and responsibilities with respect to biosphere reserves among the different layers of government: the central government agency, the Cultural Heritage Administration, the metropolitan government, Gyeonggi-do, and the local governments, Pocheon, Namyangju, and Uijeongbu. Third, in terms of logistical support, which serves as a function for communication and practical participation among management entities, the results suggested that it was necessary to establish a comprehensive decision-making organization for efficient management and operation and to provide opportunities for active participation. The study can be utilized as a basic reference for developing efficient communication by management entities in protected areas with similar challenges.