• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to decide the task space and Rating Scheme of task difficulty in complicated mathematical modelling situations. One of main objective was also to conform the validation of Rating Scheme to determine the degree of difficulty by comparing the student performance with the statement of the theoretical model. In spring 2014, the experimental setting was in Modelling Course for 38 in-service teachers in mathematics education. In conclusions, we developed the Model of Task Space based on their solution paths in mathematical modelling tasks and Rating Scheme for task difficulty. The Validity of Rating Scheme to determine the degree of task difficulty based on comparing the student performance gave us the meaningful results. Within a modelling task the student performance verifies the degree of difficulty in terms of scoring higher using solution approaches determined as easier and vice versa. Another finding was some relations among three research topics, that is, degree of task difficulty on rating scheme, levels of students performance and numbers of specific heuristic. Those three topics showed the impressive consistence pattern.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.67-76
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• 2021

Three research hypotheses expected when working with a mobile app were verified. As follows: (1) Usability varies depending on the external structure of the tree-view menu. (2) If the menu arrangement is different from the script expected by users, the usability is poor. And (3) the effects of each of these two hypotheses vary depending on the complexity of the task. To this end, a script for booking accommodations expected by undergraduate students was written, and an experiment was designed with the task completion time and error rate as dependent variables. The experiment was conducted by implementing a prototype for reservation system on a smartphone As a result, while the overall performance was unfavorable when the task was complicated, the superiority of sectional menu was prominent when the task was complicated, and positive responses were observed when the menu arrangement in a complicated task matched user expectations. By discussing these results, it was found that when designing a procedural menu on a mobile screen, we come up with measures to minimize the burden of working memory, consider what tree-views are for the task, and that in complex tasks, menus should be arranged according to the scripts expected by users.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.53-76
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• 2005

With rapid technological and market change, new product development (NPD) complexity is a significant issue that organizations continually face in their development projects. There are numerous factors, which cause development projects to become increasingly costly & complex. A product is more likely to be successfully developed and marketed when the complexity inherent in NPD projects is clearly understood and carefully managed. Based upon the previous studies, this study examines the nature and importance of complexity in developing new products and then identifies several issues in managing complexity. Issues considered include: definition of complexity : consequences of complexity; and methods for managing complexity in NPD projects. To achieve high performance in managing complexity in development projects, these issues need to be addressed, for example: A. Complexity inherent in NPD projects is multi-faceted and multidimensional. What factors need to be considered in defining and/or measuring complexity in a development project? For example, is it sufficient if complexity is defined only from a technological perspective, or is it more desirable to consider the entire array of complexity sources which NPD teams with different functions (e.g., marketing, R&D, manufacturing, etc.) face in the development process? Moreover, is it sufficient if complexity is measured only once during a development project, or is it more effective and useful to trace complexity changes over the entire development life cycle? B. Complexity inherent in a project can have negative as well as positive influences on NPD performance. Thus, which complexity impacts are usually considered negative and which are positive? Project complexity also can affect the entire organization. Any complexity could be better assessed in broader and longer perspective. What are some ways in which the long-term impact of complexity on an organization can be assessed and managed? C. Based upon previous studies, several approaches for managing complexity are derived. What are the weaknesses & strengths of each approach? Is there a desirable hierarchy or order among these approaches when more than one approach is used? Are there differences in the outcomes according to industry and product types (incremental or radical)? Answers to these and other questions can help organizations effectively manage the complexity inherent in most development projects. Complexity is worthy of additional attention from researchers and practitioners alike. Large-scale empirical investigations, jointly conducted by researchers and practitioners, will help gain useful insights into understanding and managing complexity. Those organizations that can accurately identify, assess, and manage the complexity inherent in projects are likely to gain important competitive advantages.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.484-492
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• 2018

This study examined the effects of field complexity and type of target objects on the performance in baggage screening task. A total of 62 participants(male: 45.2%, female: 54.8%) participated and their mean age was 22.88. The simulated baggage screening task was developed for this study and after the orientation and task exercises, main experiment session was conducted. Participants performed a total of 200 tasks and 40(20%) contained target object. The complexity was set at three levels: high, middle, and low levels and the number of background items contained 20, 14. and 8 respectively. The type of target was set as gun, knife, liquid, and righter. The dependent variables were hit ratio and reaction time. The results showed that the hit ratio decreased and reaction time increased significantly as field complexity increased, and they varied depending on the type of target. The hit ratio of the knife was the highest and liquid lowest and reaction time of the knife was the fastest and liquid slowest. In addition, the interaction effect was also significant. Knife was not affected by complexity, however, small item such as lighter was most affected by complexity.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.1150-1155
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• 2009

In the information society, the amount of information have been increased by technological development. It is not easy to deal with information for fast data processing because of increasing of the complexity and diversity of data. So this paper will confirm the fact that the color plays the role of the classification of complex information and can make data processing fast. Experiment 1 shows that the searching time of target(line name) is more faster when the color of a subway line is equal to the color of station`s name. Experiment 2 using the task for classification of word mixed in various categories shows that color category processing is more faster rather than semantic category processing and the effect of this task is far better when color difference is more clear.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.679-681
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• 2001

인터넷 기반의 전자상거래 시스템 개발은 안정적 트랜잭션 처리, 복잡한 데이터베이스 구조, 멀티미디어 데이터 처리, 입체적 사용자 인터페이스 등의 여러 기술들이 적용되는, 복잡한 과제로 인식되고 있다. 웹 서버 기반의 객체지향 및 컴포넌트 표준으로 알려진 Enterprise JavaBean(EJB)은 복잡한 시스템 개발 기간을 단축하고 소프트웨어 품질을 높이며 재사용성이 높은 컴포넌트 소프트웨어 개발을 가능하게 한다. 본 논문에서는 전자상거래 개발을 위한 EJB 적용 지침을 제안한다.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.309-330
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify possibility of a mathematical problem posing ability by presenting problem posing tasks with different degrees of structure according to the study of Stoyanova and Ellerton(1996). Also, the results of this study suggest the direction of gifted elementary mathematics education to increase mathematical creativity. The research results showed that mathematical problem posing ability is likely to be a factor in identification of gifted students, and suggested directions for problem posing activities in education for mathematically gifted by investigating the characteristics of original problems. Although there are many criteria that distinguish between gifted and ordinary students, it is most desirable to utilize the measurement of fluency through the well-structured problem posing tasks in terms of efficiency, which is consistent with the findings of Jo Seokhee et al. (2007). It is possible to obtain fairly good reliability and validity in the measurement of fluency. On the other hand, the fact that the problem with depth of solving steps of 3 or more is likely to be a unique problem suggests that students should be encouraged to create multi-steps problems when teaching creative problem posing activities for the gifted. This implies that using multi-steps problems is an alternative method to identify gifted elementary students.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.363-380
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• 2023

This study analyzed the difficulties and mathematical modeling knowledge improvement that an elementary school teacher experienced in modifying a mathematics textbook task to a mathematical modeling task. To this end, an elementary school teacher with 10 years of experience participated in teacher-researcher community's repeated discussions and modified the average task in the data and pattern domain of the 5th grade. The results are as followings. First, in the process of task modification, the teacher had difficulties in reflecting reality, setting the appropriate cognitive level of mathematical modeling tasks, and presenting detailed tasks according to the mathematical modeling process. Second, through repeated task modifications, the teacher was able to develop realistic tasks considering the mathematical content knowledge and students' cognitive level, set the cognitive level of the task by adjusting the complexity and openness of the task, and present detailed tasks through thought experiments on students' task-solving process, which shows that teachers' mathematical modeling knowledge, including the concept of mathematical modeling and the characteristics of the mathematical modeling task, has improved. The findings of this study suggest that, in terms of the mathematical modeling teacher education, it is necessary to provide teachers with opportunities to improve their mathematical modeling task development competency through textbook task modification rather than direct provision of mathematical modeling tasks, experience mathematical modeling theory and practice together, and participate in teacher-researcher communities.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2019

2019년 4월, 4세대 이동통신보다 최대 20배 빠른 속도, 10배 많은 IoT 기기의 연결, 10배 짧은 저지연 서비스를 제공하기 위해 5세대 이동통신이 세계최초로 상용화되었다. 5G 이동통신기술은 고속 대용량의 음성 및 데이터 통신을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 지연 속도와 신뢰성에 민감한 IoT 기기를 수용하기 위해 다양한 최신 기술을 적용하는 기술적 진보가 있었다. 그러나 5G 네트워크 및 서비스가 개방성, 확장성, 유연성을 제공하기 위해 분산 코어 네트워크 구조와 소프트웨어기반 아키텍처(SDN NFV, MEC, 클라우드 컴퓨팅 등)로의 기술적 변화는 새로운 공격 접근 경로와 네트워크 슬라이싱과 같은 논리적인 계층의 복잡한 보안 가시성 이슈 등 사이버보안관점에서 새로운 도전(Challenges)이 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 5G 모바일 네트워크의 기술적 변화에 따른 보안도전과제와 해외 5G 보안 아키텍처 연구들을 분석하여 5G 보안 설계 및 운영 고려사항을 고찰하고자 한다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.583-601
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• 2007

The desktop interface is not suitable for the environment in which mobile devices are used commonly with moving, because much attention should be paid for it. And the miniaturizing of mobile devices increases the workload for using them, makes the operation speeds lower and makes more errors. So the study of appropriate level of the input interface for this changing environment is needed. In the aspect of mobile devices. input style and the complexity of the menu hierarchy, this study will look for the way to decrease the workload when doing some primary tasks and using mobile devices simultaneously with moving. The input style was classified into gesture input style, button input style, and pointing input style. The accuracy and speed were measured when doing dual tasks, including a menu searching task and a figure memory task, through one input style of three. By Changing the level of menu hierarchy in the menu searching task, the accuracy of task execution was examined. These Experiments were done in standing state and moving state. In both state the pointing input style was the highest in the accuracy of task execution but the slowest in the speed. In contrast, the gesture input style was not high in the accuracy but the fastest in the speed. This fact shows that the gesture input style is suitable for the condition needed for speedy processing rather than accurate execution when moving.