• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.461-465
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• 2007

In this study, changes in the overall antioxidant properties and chemical constituents including total phenolics and vitamin C of R. occidentalis fruit during ripening are studied. The antioxidant activity was measured by the free-radical scavenging activity(DPPH method) and reducing power(potassium ferricyanide method). Although, the weight and diameter of R. occidentalis fruit were increased with the progress of ripening, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were decrease during ripening. The highest free-radical scavenging activity(at $125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and reducing power(at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) in fruit were 61.67% and 0.71, respectively. Total phenolic content and vitamin C content in fruit of 5 days after fruit set were $220.73{\mu}g/g$ and $540.45{\mu}g/g$, respectively. A linear correlation(r=0.9761) was shown between free-radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.342-350
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time of hand-thinning on vegetative growth, bitter pit incidence, fruit quality, and return bloom in 'Gamhong'/M.9 apple trees. The time of hand-thinning were 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks after full bloom, and the primary thinning (leaving only the king fruit on cluster) and secondary thinning (adjusting crop load) were conducted at the same time. The time of hand-thinning was correlated to the vegetative growth, average fruit wight, yield, soluble solids content, bitter pit incidence, and return bloom, negatively, and to the yield of middle grade fruits (fruit weight was 250-299g and none pit on fruit surface) per tree, calcium contents of leaves, and fruit red color, positively. There was no significant effect of time of hand-thinning on fruit firmness, titratable acidity, and total incomes per tree. In conclusion, if the time of hand-thinning of 'Gamhong'/M.9 apple tree was completed at 9 weeks after full bloom, it could produce about 300g of high-quality fruit without bitter pit.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2019

밤나무는 임업분에서 재배역사가 가장 오래된 임산물 중 하나로써 다양한 지역에서 재배되고 있다. 또한 우리나라의 대표적인 단기소득 임산물로서 1970년대부터 산림청에서 고소득 작목으로 적극 권장하면서 전국적으로 보급되었고 이후 밤 생산량은 점차 증가하였으나 최근 생산자의 노령화에 따른 노동력 부족 및 밤나무 수령 증가에 따라 밤 생산량이 감소하고 있다. 본 연구는 이천지역에서 노령화된 밤나무 '단택'(45년생)을 선정하고 전정처리에 따른 밤나무의 결실 및 과실특성 조사를 통해 노령목 밤나무의 효율적인 재배관리기술의 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 노령목 밤나무의 평균 수고 및 수관폭은 10.8 m, 8.5 m(N-S), 8.6 m(E-W)로 조사되었으며, 전정 후 수고 및 수관폭은 5.0 m, 4.1 m(N-S), 4.5 m(E-W)로 나타났다. 전정처리에 따른 착구수는 무처리구에서 216.9개로 전정처리구(144.8개) 보다 많았지만 입중은 전정처리구가 23.1 g으로 무처리구 15.7 g보다 높게 나타났다. 밤 과실의 당도 및 경도는 각각 무처리구 $14.8^{\circ}Brix$, 92.7 N, 전정처리구 $15.2^{\circ}Brix$, 93.9 N으로 처리간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 과실등급은 '특'(22g 이상), '대'(18~22g), '중'(15~18g), 소(15g 미만) 4등급으로 분류하였다. 과실등급 비율은 무처리구와 전정처리구에서 각각 '특'(11.9%, 59.5%), '대'(22.0%, 21.6%), '중'(21.2%, 11.1%), '소'(44.9%, 7.8%)로 전정처리구가 무처리구보다 '특' 및 '대' 비율이 2.4배 높았다. 따라서 밤나무 노령목의 전정처리는 상품성이 우수한 높은 등급의 과실생산에 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the change of photosynthesis, leaf and fruit according to crown layers in Actinidia arguta and hybrid kiwi. Photosynthesis rate (PPFD $1,000{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$) were 5.82, 7.11, $9.54{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ at lower, middle, and upper position, respectively in 3 layer cultivation type. The length and area of leaves collected from lower position have lager value than upper position. The fruit quality of A. arguta and hybrid kiwifruit increased with increasing crown height. A linear correlation ($R^2=0.72$, 0.89 and 0.98) was shown between fruit weight (Boeun 4, Injea 16 and HM3) and the height of crown layer(layer 1, 2, and 3). From the results, we can suppose that the tree of the upper position of crown layer in the cultivation of A. arguta and hybrid kiwifruit produce high quality fruit due to its high photosynthesis ability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2021

The effect of night temperature was investigated on mango (Mangifera indica cv. Irwin) for setting appropriate night temperature and managing mango cultivation in a greenhouse. Different night temperatures (10, 15, and 20℃) were treated from budding to fruit development in mango trees. As night temperature increased, the initiation of flowering, full blooming, fruiting, and fruit development tended to be accelerated. There were no significant differences in the growth of shoots flushed after the fruit harvest among trees treated with different night temperatures. The lengths of the flower stalk were the shortest at 10℃ of night temperature; however, there were no significant differences between 15℃ and 20℃ of the night temperature. The length, diameter, and weight of mango fruits were higher at 15℃ and 20℃ than 10℃. Soluble solid contents and acidities showed no difference; the firmness and skin color were better as the night temperature increased. Accordingly, setting the minimum night temperatures to 15℃ or 20℃ can increase the number of fruits and produce high-quality fruits when cultivating mango in the greenhouse. Even the minimum night temperature to 15℃ can reduce heating costs in the greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2013

In this study, the availability of slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) solution as an alternative for synthetic nutrient solution was determined by monitoring the growth, fruit yield, and fruit quality of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Unicon'). Treatments for nutrient solution were consist of SCB 1/2N, 1N, 2N, and commercial nutrient solution 1N (CNS 1N) based on nitrogen concentration (218.32 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) of cherry tomato nutrient solution (control 1N). All nutrient solution including SCB solution (440~520 mL per day) was supplied to rock wool medium using a timer. After 31 days of transplanting, fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, SPAD value and number of node were measured. After measuring growth characteristics of tomato plants, total fruit yield, ratio of marketable fruit yield, fruit weight, total soluble solids content, total acidity, total phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity were determined once a week for 7 weeks. As a result, among the SCB treatments, SCB 1/2N was similar to control 1N and CNS 1N in terms of fresh and dry weights of shoots, leaf area, stem diameter, number of node, and SPAD value. Increased N concentration of SCB inhibited the growth of tomato plants. Total fruit yield of SCB 1/2N was 47% of that of control 1N which showed the best result. Percentage of marketable fruit yield in SCB 1/2N was about 58%. Soluble solids contents, total acidity, total phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity was the highest in SCB 2N and the other treatments were not shown any difference. Blossom-end rot rarely occurred in control 1N and CNS 1N while SCB treatments without Ca induced the physiological disorder of 7~19%. In conclusion, SCB 1/2N was good for the vegetative growth of cherry tomato plants but reduced yield and quality of fruit compared with control 1N and CNS 1N. Thus, it is possible to apply SCB solution to grow cherry tomato plants hydroponically but in the consideration of fruits yield and quality additional supply of several minerals would be required.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.523-530
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• 2011

This study was carried out to understand the characteristic relations fruit changes caused by adjusting the amount of the fruit load in 'Niitaka' and 'Whangkeumbae'. The average fruit weight of 'Niitaka' was 672.0 g and the amount of fruit in the range of 601-750 g was the highest, accounting for 33.8% of the production and as for 'Whangkeumbae', the average fruit weight was 477.5 g and fruit in the range of 401-600 g accounted for 72.5% of total production. The weight of the 'Niitaka' was evenly distributed in each range from below 300 g to over 1 kg and the percent of the regular shaped fruit in 'Whangkeumbae' was high as the distribution range of the fruit weight was narrow. The brix degree and the soluble solid content (SSC)/acidity ratio of 'Niitaka' had a significantly positive correlation with the fruit weight, the length, and the diameter of the fruit. The brix degree also had a positive correlation with weight and diameter of the fruit for 'Whangkeumbae'. As for the difference in fruit quality according to fruit weight for each variety, the brix degree was low in 'Niitaka' that were below 451 g and the fruit firmness was low in fruits weighing under 400 g. There was no difference according to fruit weight in 'Whangkeumbae'. The fruit size was impacted by the fleshy part and the ratio of fleshy part was higher as the fruit size became larger. The weight of the fruit, brix degree, and the SSC/acidity ratio were low while the firmness was high in light thinning treatment for 'Niitaka' and in the case of 'Whangkeumbae', the fruit weight and brix degree were both low in light thinning treatment. The brix degree was higher in bigger sized fruit in all thinning intensity for 'Niitaka', the case in light thinning treatment especially where the quality was poor due to low brix degree in fruits that weighed less than 450 g, on the other hand, there was no difference in the quality due to the fruit weight among the thinning intensity for 'Whangkeumbae'. Therefore, it is possible to produce smaller sized fruits in 'Niitaka' by controlling the thinning intensity, as it is inevitable to result in lower quality fruits, however, it is projected that we can produce small to mid-sized fruits in 'Whangkeumbae' by controlling the thinning intensity without causing the decline in fruit quality.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the fruit quality characteristics and incidence of flesh browning in response to air storage at $0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ a fter controlled atmosphere s torage (CA condition: $O_2$ $2.5{\pm}0.5$%, $CO_2$ $1.5{\pm}0.5$%) at $0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ in 'Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). The storage system was performed as followed: air storage for one month, CA storage 4 months + air storage 3 months ( CA 4M + A ir 3M), CA storage 5 m onths + air storage 2 months ( CA 5M + Air 2M) a nd C A storage 6 m onths + air storage 1months (CA 6M + Air 1M), while the control fruits were stored at CA storage for 8 months right after harvest. The incidence of flesh browning ranged from 17.1% to 30.2% during CA storage but not detected under the treatments of CA 4M + Air 3M and CA 5M + Air 2M. The respiration rate was not affected by storage treatments for 6M while the respiration rate was lower in the treatments of CA 4M + Air 3M and CA 5M + Air 2M than the other storage treatments after 7 months. Ethylene production and internal ethylene concentration were lowest in rapid CA storage and increased with a decreasing CA storage duration. Therefore, the results indicate that CA 5M + Air 2M storage treatment should be recommended to maintain the fruit quality and reduce the risk development of flesh browning rather than typical CA storage in 'Fuji' apples.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.29-56
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• 2016

$F{\ddot{u}}r$ den Schadensersatzhaftung des Arztes, sog. die Arzthaftung, ist es vornehmlich vorauszusetzen: die $Sch{\ddot{a}}digungsbehandlung$ des Arztes, die Rechtswidrigkeit und das Verschulden. Zur Problematik der $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ in der Stufe des Verschuldens handelt sich es in dieser Beitrag um die Kritisierung der Rechtsprechung. $F{\ddot{u}}r$ die Entscheidung des Verschulden im medizinischen Fehler kommt es darauf an, ob die Sorgfaltspflicht des Arztes verletzt wird. $Daf{\ddot{u}}r$ wird der medizinische Standard rekurriert, den die Rechtsprechung nicht aus materieller, sondern aus normativer Sicht begreift. Erstaunlich $un{\ddot{u}}bereinstimmend$ mit deren Leitsatz wird der medizinische Standard als $Ma{\ss}stab$ der Sorgfaltspflicht materiell - zutreffend nur im Ergebnis - behandelt. Die Sorgfaltspflicht in der Medizin bedeutet nicht die natur-wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, sondern eine "Best-$M{\ddot{u}}ssen$" Pflicht. Demnach ist der Standpunkt der Rechtsprechung, wonach den med. Standard normativ bewertet und die Sorgfaltspflicht darduch wieder normativ entscheidet, nicht anders als eine $w{\ddot{o}}rtliche$ Wiederholung. Die Arzthaftung in der Rechtsprechung ist aufgrund mit der Verneinung von der Sorgfaltspflichtverletzung nicht angenommen, welche in der Tat jedoch aus verschiedenen $Gr{\ddot{u}}nden$, wie die Rechtswidrigkeit, die $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ oder $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}t$, nicht angenommen. Der $Fahrl{\ddot{a}}ssigkeitsbeweis$ in der Rechtsprechung entwickelt sich mit dem Beweis nach objektivem $Ma{\ss}stab$, der Vermutung nach Anschein-Beweis und der $Beschr{\ddot{a}}nkung$ mit der Wahrscheinlichkeit. Bei Letzterem $geh{\ddot{o}}rt$ es $schlie{\ss}lich$ zum medizinischen Bereich. Ein Eintritt in den fachliche Bereich im Rahmen der Beweislast stellt der Beweiserleichterung $gegen{\ddot{u}}ber$. Aus diesem Hintergrund ist ${\S}630$ h Abs. 5 BGB bemerkenswert, wonach das Vorliegen eines groben Behandlungsfehler $regelm{\ddot{a}}{\ss}ig$ zur Vermutung von der $Kausalit{\ddot{a}}tszusammenhang$ $f{\ddot{u}}hrt$. Dieser Paragraph ist inhaltlich als Beweislastumkehr angesehen. Damit ist es von Nutzen im Fall des groben Fehler, der beim - elementaren - kunstgerechten Verhalten nicht entstanden $h{\ddot{a}}tte$, wie $Hygienem{\ddot{a}}ngel$, ${\ddot{U}}berdosierung$ des Narkotikum.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2013

Relationships among climate changes, early frost, and fruit growth were studied during the final month to harvest of late-maturing 'Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki) to assess the changes in fruit characteristics during this critical period. The heavy frost on Nov. 16 defoliated more than 70% of the leaves, but with little damage on the fruits. However, all the leaves were defoliated by the heavy frost on Nov. 20, and all the fruits were cold-damaged by $-3.3^{\circ}C$ on Nov. 21. Fruit weight increased by 8-25 g per week from Oct. 25 (142 days after full bloom) to Nov. 15, reaching to 250 g, but it decreased by 3-4 g per week after the frost. Hunter a value of fruit skin gradually increased until the last harvest on Nov. 29 with a temporary halt in early Nov. when temperature was high, whereas fruit firmness rapidly decreased after the frost on Nov. 21. Fruit soluble solids were $15.7-16.1^{\circ}Brix$ for the final month. When some branches were covered with non-woven fabrics to avoid direct contact with frost, the fruits on the branches were not visually damaged by the low temperature although 40-60% of their leaves were defoliated on Nov. 16. However, low temperature on Nov. 20 and 21 defoliated all the leaves, causing cold damage on the fruits. There was a highly significant correlation between the fruit diameter and its weight ($R^2$ = 0.73-0.91). So, the regression equations could be used to estimate weight from diameter of the fruits sampled from the branches with the non-woven fabrics. The calculated fruit weight reached to a maximum of 240 g on Nov. 15. Daily increases in fruit weight were 1.1-2.5 g from Oct. 25 to 31, 1.9-3.5 g from Oct. 31 to Nov. 7, and 1.4-1.6 g from Nov. 7 to 12. However, fruit weight decreased by 0.3-1 g per day after the cold damage on Nov. 21. The results indicate that the most appropriate harvest time could be dependent on relationship of fruit growth to climate.