• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to prepare the granule using protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill. Moisture content was the highest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Sugar content of granule in relation to the forming agent was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. pH and protein content were not affected by the forming agent. L and b values were high in granules formed with dextrin(DE=9) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, respectively. Solubility of granule formed with dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin was higher than that of formed with dextrin(DE=9), while there was no significant difference between dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. Rate of water absorption was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, while the lowest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Overall acceptance of three granules were acceptable in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.683-694
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• 2018

The ginseng extract was dried and added forming agents using lactose, glucose and arabic gum to enhance convenience and consumer acceptability. As the addition of lactose increased, the absorption of ginseng granule decreased and the solubility tended to increase as the amount of glucose added decreased. The amount of solubilized saponin from the ginseng granules was affected more by the addition amount of ginseng concentrate than by the kind and amount of the forming agents added. Absorption and solubility tended to increase with increasing amount of arabic gum, and there was no significant difference in color change(p<0.05). The optimal mixing ratio of ginseng granules according to addition of forming agents was 10% of ginseng concentrate, 80% of lactose, 5% of glucose and 5% of arabic gum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2001.08a
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• pp.36-37
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• 2001

큰가리비는 자웅이체이다. 난환형성과정은 난모세포의 발달정도에 다라 다르게 나타나고 있다. 난자형성과정은 난원세포기, 전난황형성난모세포기, 초기난황형성난모세포기, 후기난황형성난모세포기, 성숙난모세포기의 연속적인 5단계의 과정으로 나눌 수 있었다. 전난황형성기 난모세포질 내에서는 핵주변 구역에 골지장치와 수많은 공포들 및 미토콘드리아들이 출현하고 있는데 이들은 차후, 지방적 형성에 관여한다. 난황형성전기난모세포(previtellogenic oocyte)에서는 지방적 및 지질과립들이 핵막 근처에서 출현하여 피질층쪽으로 분산되는 반면, 같은 발달 단계의 난모세포질의 피질구역에서는 피질과립들(단백질성 난황과립)이 처음으로 생성되어 난황막 근처의 피질층에서 핵주변 구역쪽으로 분산.분포된다. 난황형성후기 난모세포에서는 세포질 내의 골지장치, 공포, 미토콘드리아, 그리고 조면소포체들이 자율합성에 의해 난황과립 형성에 관여하고 있다. 반면 외인성 물질들인 지질형태의 과립들, 다량의 글리코겐 입자들이 생식상피 내에서 출현하고 있는데. 이들 물질이 생식상피에서 난황막 구조물인 미세융모를 통해 난황형성 후기 난모세포의 날질 내로 통과해 들어가는 현상이 관찰되었다. 이와같은 현상은 난황형성이 일어날 때에 heterosynthesis가 일어나고 있음을 시사한다. 완숙난모세포의 난경은 약 50~60$\mu\textrm{m}$이다. 정자형성과정은 정원세포기, 제1차정모세포기, 제2차정모세포기, 정세포기, 정자기의 연속적인 5단계로 나눌수 있었다. 정셍포기에서 정자로 변태되는 과정 중에 침체의 분화과정이 있는데 이에는 1. Golgi phase, 2. Cap phase 3. acrosome phase, 4. maturation phase의 단계를 거쳐 첨체가 완성된다. 정자는 원시적 형태를 이루고 있으며 4개의 미토콘드리아가 부핵을 형성하고 있다. 완숙정자 두부의 길이는 대략 $3 \mu$m 이며, 미부의 길이는 약 $30 \mu$m정도이다. 정자 미부편모의 axoneme은 중앙의 2개의 미세소관(microtubule)과 주변에 위치한 9개의 2중 미세소구관(microtublue)으로 이루어져 있다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 1999

Accumulations of the storage proteins in protein storage vacuole and the differentiation of protein bodies from protein-filled ER in developing pea cotyledons have been investigated using conventional and immunoelectron microscopy. To improve the fixation quality, single cells separated enzymatically from sliced cotyledons were used. At early stages of seed development osmiophilic protein accumulates in rER lumen were observed quite often. This protein-filled ER cisternae were differentiated into cytoplasmic protein bodies at late stage by the process called terminal dilations which have been considered a principal route of the formation of cytoplasmic protein bodies somewhat later in seed maturation. Immunocytochemical labellings of the vicilin and legumin show that presence of vicilin on both of the cytoplasmic PB and PD, but limited presence of legumin only on the cytoplasmic PB at intermediate stage of seed development. Immunogold labellings of Bip, ER retention protein, were observed on the inner periphery of protein deposits in protein storage vacuole. This result was regarded that Bip can recognize and retrieve misfolded protein during active accumulation of storage protein to the PD in PSV.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 1992

Formation, cellular distribution and structural changes of storage lipid, and active site and cellular localization of lipase in endosperms and cotyledons of lipid-rich seeds such as Helianthus annuus, Ricinus communis and Pinus koraiensis, and in those of starch-rich seeds such as Pisum sativum and Zea mays were investigated in relation to the seed development by cytochemical methods. In endosperms and storage cotyledons of lipid- and starch-rich seeds after seed-gathering, there were widely distributed storage material which was composed of spherical protein bodies, spherosomes, and starch granules. But cellular organelles were hardly observed in the cytoplasm. Staining pattern of vesicles released from SER, and of low electron dense membraneous granules, which were perhaps at an early stage of spherosomes, were the same as in the spherosome. Electrondense granules released from RER were observed in the vicinity of plasma membrane. As a result of lipid staining, the spherosomes were more electron dense and were uniform as compared with the protein matrix within the protein body and cytoplasmic proteinaceous granules. The major component of the spherosome was determinated to be lipid. Spherosomes and vesicles containing SER-released materials showed the same as in the electron density. Lipase activity was especially strong in the inner region and on the surface of decomposed spherosomes and near the plasma membrane.mbrane.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2001

Purpose : Granulocyle-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been widely used to treat neutropenia caused by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The efficacy of recombinant human hematopoietic growth factors in improving oral mucositis after chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been recently demonstrated in some clinical studies. This study was designed to determine whether G-CSF can modify the radiation injury of the intestinal mucosa in mice. Materials and Methods : One hundred and five BALB/c mice weighing 20 grams were divided into nine subgroups including G-CSF alone group $(I:10\;{\mu}g/kg\;or\;II:100\;{\mu}g/kg)$, radiation alone group (7.5 or 12 Gy on the whole body), combination group with G-CSF and radiation (G-CSF I or II plus 7.5 Gy, G-CSF I or II plus 12 Gy), and control group. Radiation was administered with a 6 MV linear accelerator (Mevatron Siemens) with a dose rate of 3 Gy/min on day 0. G-CSF was injected subcutaneously for 3 days, once a day, from day -2 to day 0. Each group was sacrificed on the day 1, day 3, and day 7. The mucosal changes of jejunum were evaluated microscopically by crypt count per circumference, villi length, and histologic damage grading. Results : In both G-CSF I and II groups, crypt counts, villi length, and histologic damage scores were not significantly different from those of the control one (p>0.05). The 7.5 Gy and 12 Gy radiation alone groups showed significantly lower crypt counts and higher histologic damage scores compared with those of control one (p<0.05). The groups exposed to 7.5 Gy radiation plus G-CSF I or II showed significantly higher crypt counts and lower histologic damage scores on the day 3, and lower histologic damage scores on the day 7 compared with those of the 7.5 Gy radiation alone one (p<0.05). The 12 Gy radiation plus G-CSF I or II group did not show significant difference in crypt counts and histologic damage scores compared with those of the 12 Gy radiation alone one (p>0,05). Most of the mice in 12 Gy radiation with or without G-CSF group showed intestinal death within 5 days. Conclusion : These results suggest that G-CSF may protect the jejunal mucosa from the acute radiation damage following within the tolerable ranges of whole body irradiation in mice.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Ovarian follicular atresia in mammals is finely regulated by gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones. It is well known that granulosa cell pyknosis is a common cytological feature of atretic follicles in the ovary. The present study hypothesized that granulosa cell pyknosis during follicular atresia might be related to apoptotic process and associated with caspase-3 activation. Healthy (normal) and atretic follicles were isolated from porcine ovaries based on macro-morphological criteria. Isolated follicles were either processed for histological observation or used for collection of granulosa cells by aspiration. Hoechst 33258 staining of the cells showed a significantly higher number of fragmented nuclei, a typical morphological feature of apoptotic cell, in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than those from healthy follicles. In addition, the rate of cell death was significantly higher in granulosa cells from atretic follicles than healthy follicles, as measured by flow-cytometric cell cycle analysis. In situ detection of apoptotic cells by TUNEL revealed that apoptosis was mostly restricted to granulosa cells in follicles. Theca cells were TUNEL-negative. Finally, it has been shown by caspase-3 activity assay that granulosa cells from atretic follicles retain a higher caspase-3 activity compared to healthy follicles. Taken together, it is suggested that granulosa cell degeneration during folliclar atresia occurs by caspase-3-dependent apoptotic fashion.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2014

The present study evaluated that responses of peripheral and bone marrow depends on the frequency of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) administration in dogs. The rhG-CSF has been revealed that have a beneficial effect for dogs with myelosuppression secondary to chemotherapy or radiation but there were no studies about the frequency of administration in dogs. In this research, rhG-CSF was administrated $5{\mu}g/kg$ subcutaneously for each two-dogs group as follows: (1) every day for trial, (2) every other day for trial, (3) every third day for trial. The peripheral blood analysis including direct microscopic differential counts of one hundred cells was performed every day. Bone marrow aspiration was performed before administration of rh G-CSF, on the day of 0, 3, 9 and when the WBC counts were decreased within the normal range (day 12 or 13). Rh G-CSF was well-tolerated and showed no side effects in all dogs. According to the present study, $5{\mu}g/kg$ administration of rhG-CSF have cell-specific, frequency-related effect on bone marrow and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the effects of rhG-CSF administration on bone marrow sustained during the study and prolonged at least 3 days after discontinuing of rhG-CSF treatment.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 1999

In this paper, five kinds of neurosecretory cells-light green (LG) cell, dark green (DG) cell, caudo-dorsal (CD) cell, blue green (BG) cell, and yellow (Y) cell- and neuropils in the cerebral ganglion of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica, were observed with an electron microscope. The following results were obtained. The LG cells are circular or ovoid in shape, and about $60{\mu}m$ in size. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the LG cell look light due to their electron-low density. Large granular chromatins are evenly developed in the karyolymph, where round nucleoli are also found. In the cytoplasm, electron -high dense round granules of $0.4{\mu}m$ in average size are crowded. The DG cells are ovoid in shape, and $50\sim20{\mu}m$ in size. These relatively electron-high dense cells were rarely found. In their cytoplasm, cell organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are found together with electron -high dense round granules of $0.2{\mu}m$ in average size. The CD cells are ellipsoidal cells densely distributed in caudo-dorsal parts of the cerebral ganglion. They have large nuclei compared with the cytoplasm. The developed granular heterochromatins are observed in the karyolymph, and lots of small round granules of $0.12{\mu}m$ in average size in the cytoplasm. The 3G cells, rarely found around endoneurium of the cerebral ganglion, take the shapes of long ellipses. They look dark due to their electron -high density. In the cytoplasm, small round granules of $0.1{\mu}m$ in average size are found. The Y cells are the smallest among the neurosecretory cells($9\times6.6{\mu}m$ in size). They are found mostly between the medio-dorsal parts and the caudo-dorsal parts of the cerebral ganglion. In the cytoplasm, tiny round granules of $0.08{\mu}m$ in average size form a group. The neuropils are found in the middle of the cerebral ganglion. In the axon ending, round granules with electron -high density ($0.07\sim0.03{\mu}m$ in diameter) and lucent vesicles ($0.03{\mu}m$ in diameter) are found in large quantities. They are excreted in the state of exocytosome formed by the invagination of the limiting membrane of the axon ending.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2012

The quality characteristics of granules prepared from water and 50% ethanol extracts of mulberry and blueberry were investigated. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of mulberry and blueberry were higher in the 50% ethanol extract than those in the water extract. Total anthocyanin content was highest in the 50% mulberry ethanol extract (470.91 mg/100 g). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 335.37 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$ and 238.14 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$, respectively. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the mulberry and blueberry extracts increased with an increase in extract concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of granules from the mulberry extract were 4.83 mg/mL and 3.49 mg/mL, respectively. Total anthocyanin content of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 76.26 mg/100 g and 75.26 mg/100 g, respectively. Electron donating ability and ORAC of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts were 45.09% and 24.10%, 87.65 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$ and 57.59 ${\mu}moles\;TE/g$, respectively. Granules that were stored for 7 weeks at room temperature had low anthocyanin content degradation and Hunter color values (L, a, and b).