• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2002

For the hairy root of Panax ginseng, we have got mass spectrums from MALDI/TOF/MS analysis and Tandem mass spectrums from ESI/Q-TOF/MS analysis. While mass spectrum provides the molecular weights of peptide fragments digested by protease such as trypsin, tandem mass spectrum produces amino acid sequence of digested peptides. Each amino acid sequences can be a query sequence in BLAST search to identify proteins. For the specimens of animals or plants of which genome sequences were known, we can easily identify expressed proteins from mass spectrums with high accuracy. However, for the other specimens such as ginseng, it is difficult to identify proteins with accuracy since all the protein sequences are not available yet. Here we compared the mass spectrums and the peptide amino acid sequences with ginseng expressed sequence tag (EST) DB. The matched EST sequence was used as a query in BLAST search for protein identification. They could offer the correct protein information by the sequence alignment with EST sequences. 90% of peptide sequences of ESI/Q-TOF/MS are matched with EST sequences. Comparing 68% matches of the same sequences with the nr database of NCBI, we got more matches by 22% from ginseng EST sequence search. In case of peptide mass fingerprinting from MALDI/TOF/MS, only about 19% (9 proteins of 47 spots) among peptide matches from nr DB were correlated with ginseng EST DB. From these results, we suggest that amino acid sequencing using tandem mass spectrum analysis may be necessary for protein identification in ginseng proteome analysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) colonization on drought-stress tolerance, leaf water potential, chlorophyll concentration, P content and carbohydrate composition were examined in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants exposed to drought-stressed or well-watered conditions. Drought stress significantly decreased leaf water potential, P content and leaf growth. These drought-induced damages were moderated by mycorrhizal colonization. Drought stress decreased the concentration of soluble sugars in shoots. AM plants had a higher foliar soluble sugar than non-AM plants under drought stress condition. Drought stress depressed the accumulation of starch and fructan in shoots, but stimulated in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, starch concentration in roots was higher in non-AM plants than in AM plants. Fructan was the largest pool of carbohydrates, showing the highest initial concentration and the highest net increase for 28 days of treatment. Drought stress slightly decreased fructan concentration in shoots, but remarkably increased in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, fructan concentrations in non-AM and AM shoots at day 28 were 18.7% and 13.3% lower than the corresponding values measured at well-watered plants. However, in the roots, fructan accumulation caused by drought was lessen 13.6% by mycorrhizal colonization. The results obtained suggest that mycorrhizal colonization improves drought tolerance of the host plants by maintaining higher leaf water status and P status, and by retaining more foliar soluble sugars.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1984

To obtain the basic date for the improvement of cultural and managemental problems caused by soil characteristics and soil productivity in rice cultivation of Honam area, morphological characteristics of rice soils were investigated in Mangeng-Dongjin and Yeongsan Water-sheds, and compaired differences between two major Watersheds. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. According to U.S.D.A. Soil Taxonomy Classification System, eight great groups are distributed in rice soils of two major Watersheds. More than 50% of rice paddy soils are classified as Haplaquepts. 2. Two Watersheds are quite different in soil parent materials. In Mangeong-Dongjin Watershed, most soils (55.1%) are derived from fluvic-marine deposits. Remainders are derived from local alluvium (24.7%) and alluvium (14.2%). But in Yeongsan Watershed, the order is local alluvium>alluvium>fluvio-marine deposits. 3. Rice soils occur mostly in coastal and inland flat-site with the slope of less than 2% (57.8%) in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds. However, in Yeongsan Watershed, flat-site and low undulating terrace are mostly distributed (52.9%). 4. About 81.9, 61.4 and 53.3% of rice soils are classified as fine textured in Yeongsan, Dongjin, and Mangeong Watersheds, respectively. 5. More normal paddy soils and less sandy paddy soils are distributed in Yeongsan Watershed. The results indicate that more rice soils are classified as productivity classes of I and II in Yeongsan Watershed than in Mangeong-Dongjin Watersheds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.257-261
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• 1998

The repeated subcultures of in vitro plant materials in wasabi became highly vitrified and the capacity for multiple shoot formation from the vitrified plant materials was very low. In order to improve the quality of in vitro propagated planting materials, the experiments were carried out using culture vessels capped with membrane filter(MF). When vitrified shoots were cultured on MS medium with 0.2mg/L BA in the vessels with MF or without MF for 60 days, the shoots in the vessels with MF did not vitrified. In contrast, the shoots grown in the vessels without MF vitrified at 65%. The stomates of vitrified leaves were circular and inflated, whereas those of normal leaves acclimatizated in the vessels with MF were ovate in shape. The hardened shoots were also cultured on MS media without sucrose containing 0.01mg/L IBA in vessels with(photoautotrophic culture) or without(control) MF. Sucrose was necessary for survival of the in vitro plantlets in the vessels without MF. After 20 days of culture, the shoots in the vessels without MF on the sucrose-free media turned yellow and died. But the shoots in the vessels with MF in the sucrose-free media produced a lot of roots. When shoots were cultured on MS medium with 2% sucrose containing 0.01mg/L IBA in the vessels with(photomixotrophic culture) or without(heterotrophic culture) MF, best growth occured in photomixotrophic culture.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.179-183
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of medium composition for in vitro mass propagation of Lycoris squamigera Max. After the disks of short stems, segments of leaf within bulb and scale were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators, they were examined for the extent of callus formation, shoot and root regeneration. In the culture of stem disks, adventitious shoots were regenerated from the basal tissue of bulb scales, and combined medium of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D or NAA＋2.0 mg/L BA or kinetin showed the the best response and 4∼6 shoots per explant formed. In the culture of leaf segments within bulbs, both MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA＋2.0 mg/L TDZ and with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D＋1.0∼2.0 mg/L BA were produced callus profusely on the base of leaf tissue and 3∼6 shoots were regenerated per explant. In the scale segments culture, calli were produced on the basal tissue on medium with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D＋1.0∼2.0 mg/L BA. The best result were shown on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA＋2.0 mg/L TDZ, and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D＋1.0∼2.0 mg/L BA. Maximum number of regenerated shoots was up to 10∼12. Adventitious root formation from explants were formed profusely on MS medium with 1.0 mg/L NAA＋2.0 mg/L kinetin. The most desirable method for mass propagation of plantlets was the shoot regeneration from scale segments then subsequently subcultured on medium for rooting.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine optimal medium conditions for mass propagation by bioreactor culture of ever-bearing strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa D.). Two different type of nitride were that mixed $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ or added $KNO_3$ only. And nitride concentrations were at the 4 levels of $1/2{\times}$, $1{\times}$, $2{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ that was included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$. Sucrose content ranged at 3 levels of $10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and medium pH were at the 3 levels of 4.6, 5.6 and 6.6. In bioreactor culture, medium that are included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ together in MS medium was suitable for mass propagation. Medium EC rose rapidly when the nitride concentration was increased. For that reason, plantlet growth was inhibited. Shoots of nitride $1/2{\times}$ concentration was 10.8 ea and $1/2{\times}$ concentration was suitable for shoot propagation. Fresh weight of sucrose $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was 3,101 mg which was heaviest and aerial and ground part were higher than the other concentration. Shoots were increased in proportion to the increasing concentration of sucrose. In the pH condition, from pH 5.6 to 6.8 were appropriate for the optimum growth of aerial and ground part of plant. From the results, in bioreactor culture for mass propagation, MS medium was suitable $1/2{\times}$ concentration that was included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ together, and added $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of sucrose, and then adjusted pH between 5.6 and 6.6.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2010

Rice seed maturation and germination involve drastic changes in water and nutrient transport, in which tonoplast aquaporins may play an important role. In the present study, gene expression profiles of 10 tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP) from rice were investigated by RT-PCR during seed development and germination. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 were specifically expressed in mature seeds. Their transcript level rapidly decreased after onset of seed germination and gene expression was induced by ABA treatment. In contrast, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was not seed specific as transcripts were found in vegetative tissues as well. Their respective transcript levels decreased at an early stage of seed development, whereas they increased at a later stage of seed germination and elongation of embryonic roots and shoots. When seed germination was inhibited by various stress conditions and ABA, expression of OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 was completely suppressed. In contrast, the expression level of OsTIP2;2 rapidly increased after seed imbibition and the transcript level was maintained under conditions inhibiting seed germination. These results implicate that tissue specific and developmental transcriptional regulation of OsTIPs in rice seeds depends on their specific function. In addition, OsTIPs can be discriminated by different potential phosphorylation and methylation sites in their protein structures. OsTIP3;1 and OsTIP3;2 possess unique phosphorylation signatures at their N-terminal domain, loop B and loop E, respectively. OsTIP2;1 and OsTIP4;3 have a potential methylation site at their Nterminal domain. This suggests that activity of specific tonoplast aquaporins may be regulated by post-translational modification as well as by transcriptional control.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2014

Using commercial radish varieties for processing, about 30% of radish was discarded due to the root shape and low purity. To raise the processing ability, we tried to develop a new variety producing H-shaped root. As another characteristic required in variety for processing is high purity, we tried to raise purity using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers for testing seed purity in every segregating generation. To develop Male-sterile (MS) seeding parent, we crossed commercial variety of 'Gwan dong spring' and 'Gyeo ryong spring'. One elite inbred was selected as recurrent parent for the MS plant. The major horticultural traits of selected inbred line were disease resistance, late bolting, heat resistance and bright green root top color. To develop pollen parent, we crossed commercial variety of 'Tae sang king' and 'Seoul spring'. We used individual selection method to develop H-shaped hard root and disease resistant inbred. In each segregating generation, we selected one plant based on phenotype and the uniformity of selected plant was tested by SSR markers using self-pollinated seeds. In the first segregating generation, 64.6% of sib plants shared the same band in PCR amplification using ACMP-490 primer and 66.7% using cnu-316 primer. The uniformity of segregating generations using ACMP-490 and cnu-316 raised in second generation to 68.8%, 70.8%, respectively; in third generation to 93.8%, 100%; in fourth generation to 93.8%, 100%; in fifth generation to 95.8%, 100%; in sixth generation to 100%, 100%. A novel cross was made using selected MS parent and pollen parent. When we checker the horticultural traits using autumn cultivation, the novel cross variety produced H-shaped root comparing other commercial varieties and produced highly uniform radish. Thus we registered this novel cross variety as 'YR ORE' at 2013 (Registration No. 4550).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.201-205
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• 2014

Smilacina japonica is a localized common rhizomatous flowering plant, This plant is often used in Korean traditional systems of medicine as a remedy for migrain, diplegia, physical impurity, blood circulation, abscess and contusion. Generally drugs that are used for arthritis have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, validity of the anti-inflammatory activity has not been scientifically investigated so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of S. japonica using the ethanolic extract and its subfractions. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects, we examined the inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results indicated that hexane fraction significantly inhibited the LPS induced NO and $PGE_2$ production in the cells. The hexane fractions inhibitory activity for NO tests with $IC_{50}$ values showed in $53.3{\mu}g/ml$ and $PGE_2$ tests with $IC_{50}$ values showed at $32.5{\mu}g/ml$. Theseis result suggest a potential role of hexane fraction from S. japonica as source of anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2014

In plants, a shoot apex has a small region known as the shoot apical meristem (SAM) having a group of dividing (initiating) cells. The SAM gives rise to all the groundabove structures of plants throughout their lifetime, and thus it plays important role in growth and development of plants. This review describes theories to explain the SAM organization and function developed over the last 250 years. Since in 1759 German botanist C. F. Wolff has described firstly the SAM, in 1858 Swiss botanist C. N${\ddot{a}}$geli proposed the apical cell theory from the observation of a large single apical cell in the SAM of seedless vascular plants: however, this view was recognized to be unsuitable to seed plants. In 1868, German botanist J. Hanstein suggested the histogen theory: this concept subdividing the SAM into dermatogen, periblem, and plerome was unable to generally apply to seed plants. In 1924, German botanist A. Schmidt proposed the tunica-corpus theory from the examination of angiosperm SAM in which two parts show different planes of cell division: this theory was proved to be not suitable to gymnosperm SAM, not have stable surface tunica layer. In 1938, American botanist A. Foster described zones in gymnosperm SAM based on the cytohistologic differentiation and thus called it a cytohistological zonation theory. With works by E. Gifford, in 1954, this zonation pattern was demonstrated to be also applicable to angiosperm SAM. As another theory, in 1952 French botanist R. Buvat proposed the m${\acute{e}}$rist${\grave{e}}$me d'attente (waiting meristem) theory: however, this concept was confuted because of its negation of function during vegetative growth phase to central initial cells. Rescent studies with Arabidopsis thaliana have found that formation and maintenance of the SAM are under the control of selected genes: SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) gene forms the SAM, and WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV) genes function in maintaining the SAM; signaling between WUS and CLV genes act through a negative feedback loop.