• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2005

A green area plan is getting attention as a way to solve the recent urban problems such as the rise of environment problems. To correspond to this change, there were dramatic amendments for the green area related laws. These amendments are appraised as the epochal turning point for the green area policies. This study is to introduce the main contents of amended urban green area law and urban park law in Japan, to compare with the Korean green area related laws, and to summarize the special features of both countries' green policies and the comments about the Korean green area policy structures. As a result, this amendment of Japan established the unified green area policy structure supporting the green area policies of municipal governments and is inducing living environment improvement by securing green area in the center of city, support, and the participation of residents. On the other hands, this amendment of Korea is a lack of the systemization of green area policy and the phased establishments of green area plan in spite of the scope of whole city because of absence of the unified high level plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.13-29
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• 2023

Urban parks are social infrastructure supporting citizens' health, quality of life, and community formation. As the proportion of urban parks that have been established for more than 20 years is increasing, the need for refurbishment to improve the physical space environment and enhance the functions of aging urban parks is increasing. Since the government's refurbishment of aging urban parks has limitations in securing financial resources and promoting attractiveness, they must be promoted through public-private partnerships. Japan, which suffered from the problem of aging urban parks, has successfully promoted several park refurbishment projects by introducing the Park-PFI through the revision of the 「Urban Park Act」 in 2017. This study examines and analyzes the characteristics of the Japan Park-PFI as an alternative to improving the quality of aging domestic urban park services through public-private partnerships and the validity of the aging urban park refurbishment projects through Park-PFI. The main findings are as follows. First, it is necessary to start discussions on introducing Japan's Park-PFI according to the domestic conditions as a means of public-private partnership to improve the service quality and diversify the functions of aging urban parks. In order to introduce Park-PFI social discussions and follow-up studies on the deterioration of urban parks. Must be conducted. The installation of private capital and profit facilities and improvements of related regulations, such as the 「Parks and Green Spaces Act」 and the 「Public Property Act」, is required. Second, it is judged that the Park-PFI project is a policy alternative that can enhance the benefits to citizens, local governments, and private operators under the premise that the need to refurbish aging urban parks is high and the location is suitable for promoting the project. As a result of a pilot application of the Park-PFI project to Seyeong Park, an aging urban park located in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, it was analyzed to be profitable in terms of the profitability index (PI), net present value (FNPV), and internal rate of return (FIRR). It is considered possible to participate in the business sector. At the local government level, private capital is used to improve the physical space environment of aging urban parks, as well as the refurbishment of the urban parks by utilizing financial resources generated by returning a portion of the facility usage fees and profits (0.5% of annual sales) of private operators. It was found that management budgets could be secured.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The research was aimed to verify the feasibility of the model of Park-Based Mixed-Use Districts(PBMUD) around urban large park to secure private-based urban parks through the revision of the urban zoning system. The PBMUD is a type of urban zoning district in which park-oriented land use is mixed with the urban land uses of residents, advertising, business, culture, education and research. The PBMUD, delineated from and based on a new paradigm of landscape urbanism, is a new urban strategy to secure urban parks and to cultivate urban regeneration around parks and green spaces to enhance the quality of the urban landscape and to ameliorate urban environmental disasters like climate change. This study performed a questionnaire survey and analysis after a review of literature related to PBMUD. The study looked for specialists in the fields of urban planning and landscape architecture such as officials, researchers and engineers to respond to the questionnaire, which asked about degree of preference. The conclusions of this study were as follows. Firstly, specialists prefer the PBMUD at 79.3% for to 20.7% against ratio, indicating the feasibility of the model of PBMUD. The second, the most preferable reasons for the model, were the possibility of securing park space around urban parks and green spaces that assures access to park and communication with each area. The third, the main reason for non-preference for the model, was a lack of understanding of PBMUD added to the problems of unprofitable laws and regulations related to urban planning and development. These proposed a revision of the related laws and regulations such as the laws for planning and use of national land, laws for architecture etc. The fourth, the most preferred type of PBMUD, was cultural use mixed with park use in every kind of mix of land use. The degree of preference was lower in the order of use of commercial, residential, business, and education(research) when mixed with park use. The number of mixed-use amenities with in the park was found to be an indicator determining preference. The greater the number, the lower was preference frequencies, especially when related to research and business use. The fifth, the preference frequencies of the more than 70% among the respondents to the mixed-use ratio between park use and the others, was in a ratio of 60% park use and 40% other urban use. These research results will help to launch new future research subjects on the revision of zoning regulations in the laws for the planning and uses of national land and architectural law as well as criteria and indicators of subdivision planning as related to a PBMUD model.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.98-106
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• 2011

This study was performed with the purpose of providing basic data for the improvement of zoning regulations of urban nature park by analyzing the present problem which occurred during last 6 years from the year of 2005 when the program was introduced for the first time. The study was processed first by the analysis of the cases of problems evoked by citizens, second the other problems was delineated by interviews of officials, at last the validity of all of the problems was verified by a group of professionals through delphi method. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. In relation to the designation and management of urban national park areas, designation criteria, designation process, maintenance, laws and regulations and 20 other items were found to be problematic. After Delphi method, 5 items were removed and 2 added. The results showed that there were 17 problematic items in total. 2. Regarding the problem of criteria for designation, which are, lack of priority(weights), lack of objectivity due to the difficulty to use quantitative evaluation method, incompatibility for contaminated land environmental impact assessment, incompatibility of land suitability assessment, lack of detailed field survey standards, lack of national park area standards, and 6 other items. 3. Regarding the problem of designation process, which are, the occurrence of civil appeals for designating a new national park, the needs of feasibility study on the urban national park areas constructed before urban national park guidelines came out, lack of a comprehensive review of the boundaries set when determining national park area management plan, poor temporal and financial conditions for an accurate field survey, and 4 other items. 4. Regarding the problem of maintenance management, which are, lack of management system in each space, lack of effectiveness of Urban Nature Park Area Management Plan among master plans for park and green areas, the occurrence of dual managers due to dual natures such as purpose area and city park, lack of professional manpower to manage park areas, and 4 other items. 5. Regarding the problems of regulation guidelines, which are, lack of separate urban park area management plan, incompatibility of the permitted facilities in the park to the park area standards, lack of feasibility study on urban park areas, and 3 other items.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.211-224
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• 2012

The performance-related industry has grown independently without being protected by the nation's great policy and legal boundary in the meantime. Even in the aspect of performance Act, the thoroughly pro-regulation policy on culture & art was taken while proceeding with segmenting the legislation rather than the freedom of performance art or the promotion of performance activity. Totally 17 cases of regulations including the abolition of scenario review system in January 1999 were fully abolished. Even 6 cases of regulations were steeply eased. Also, the importance of culture & art was recognized. Thus, to promote and support it in the governmental dimension, the substantial performance art policy system was adopted for training the performance art staff manpower and the national subsidy on performance hall. In performance art, the necessity of professionals' participation was imprinted such as stage lighting, sound, and stage machine. Accordingly, many regulations on performance art were all abolished except only the minimum issues for maintaining public order in about 50 years since the establishment of the government. 'Movie' was excluded from the definition of 'public performance' in 2002. Thus, the performance report system, which had been left institutionally from the Japanese colonial period, was eternally abolished. Following this, the performance Act was changed into the legislation of the supporting promoting policy, which reflected historical situation of needing to contribute to promoting public welfare, from the regulation-centered Act.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.36-50
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• 2012

This study was carried out to find contradiction factors on laws for children's activity spaces and facilities and to suggest the rational options to control and manage those spaces and facilities by environmental and landscape planning methods. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The major laws related to the environmental safety for children's activity spaces are "Environmental Health Act (ERA)" for managing the environmental safety of children's activity spaces; "Safety Supervision Law of Children's Play Facilities(SSLCPF)" for the inspection and management for safety of children's play facilities; "Quality Management and Industrial Products Safety Management Law(QMIPSML)" for managing safety certification on children's play equipments. 2. The interior space such as "living room" by the Children's Welfare Law(CWL), "Children Park" by the Act on Urban Parks and Green Spaces(AUPGS), "classroom" on private educational institutes by the Act on Establishment and Operation Private Lesson and Training(AEOPLT) and "nursing room" of child care center smaller than $430m^2$ are needed to be managed as an activity space. 3. In order to reduce industrial burden in the production, establishment, construction, and operation and to minimize unwilling extra burden in the administration effort due to legally double regulate, it is necessary to mitigate the inspections on the equipment certificate from QMIPSML and overlapped or different factors and standards must be unified. With this study, the landscape domain could he enlarged from producing, import of play equipment and establishment, construction and operation of play facilities for a comprehensive range of activity spaces, and the landscape industry such as engineering industry, academic research, management, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to understand the laws related to the safety management of children's play facilities(LRSMCPF) including the "Safety Supervision Law of Children's Play Facilities(SSLCPF)" and the "Quality Management and Industrial Products Safety Management Law(QMIPSAL)", in order to analyze the problems by 4 phases-development of products, landscape design, landscape construction and maintenance considering landscape project procedure-and to propose a revision of the laws. The results are as follows: 1. The various LRSMCPF, SSLCPF and QMIPSAL, as basic laws for the safety management of children's play facilities, were insufficient regarding the features of children's play facilities and play spaces, which are both comparatively varied and complex. 2. In development of products, the one-year duration of safety certification based on QMIPSAL was too short and the procedure for safety certification were redundant in both products and plants inspection, and export and import product inspection. 3. The field inspection of construction sites based on SSLCPF was repeated with quality control and a consultation of rules based on "Construction Technology Management Law". 4. There are not enough safety inspection organizations regarding children's play facilities to meet the demand of safety certification, safety inspection, and safety education in the near future. 5. For children's play safety, the establishment of a general safety management system for children's play connected with the phases is needed to ensure safe play equipment, to construct safe playgrounds, and to manage play facilities. The criteria, regulations, and procedure regarding safety certification and safety inspection of play facilities must be revised efficiently and standardized to a global level as well. To improve the system and contents of safety certification and inspection, authorization of safety inspection organizations based on landscape architecture is needed. Further study will be required to concretely analyze in detail the laws, enforcement decrees and rules, and ordinances that consider the practical experience of professional landscape architects, inspectors, and lawyers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

The Green Infrastructure Framework refers to an interconnected network formed by greenways that links gardens, parks, green spaces, streams, wetlands, agricultural lands, and green belts. Green infrastructure supports diverse functions to environment, provides various benefits to people, and helps in the community's health and viability. It can store stormwater runoff and abate its non-point source pollutants. Due to its advantages and profits, advanced countries in environment policies have adopted green infrastructure in planning and implementing urban and regional development. The Korean government and municipalities have focused upon grey infrastructure investment in the past, which causes occurrence of natural disasters such as draught, flood, and landslides, degradation of water and air quality, decline of biodiversity, and even inhibition of economic activities. In order to alleviate these problems, it is requested to formulate and implement policies for green infrastructure at the national government level. USA and Korean situation of green infrastructure were investigated; forty components of green infrastructure were drawn. Nine policies utilized in the USA cases were identified, which are applicable to Korea. Among them, five policies can be implemented in public sector and four in private one. The green infrastructure law needed in Korea was suggested. The amendments of laws regarding green infrastructure and alternatives expending it were proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2008

To provide more natural elements in the harsh urban environment, 'planting trees as urban forests' has been emphasized as having an important role, and trees are expected to be as functional as the trees under more natural conditions in rural areas, and provide people with benefits. To do this, urban forest policies needed a better idea of planting methods and management of trees through the theory of landscape ecology, and also the feedback system according to the evaluation and assessment of urban forests. In this case study, a new principle and assessment indices for the evaluation are applied for the 4 urban forests in two Korean metropolitan cities, Daejeon and Ulsan. The evaluation of Korean urban forest-function as biotope and the assessment for the classification of biotope diversity types are carried out. The AUEM(Adding Up Estimation Matrix) is applied for the analysis of urban forests. Unlikely previous researches on the other Korean metropolitan cities, the size of urban forest has less influence on the vegetation diversity. The most frequent biotope grade is the 3rd grade at Namseon park and Mt. Hamwol, while Mt. Bomun and Mt. Yeompo show the 4th grade. The grades of forest-function as biotope are from 3rd to 5th in which lower than average in forest-function grades. This means that the 4 sites are still not-matured forests and less-functional forests as the urban biotope.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.90-103
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to be able to understand the problems within the urban agriculture policy promoted by the Government and local autonomous entity base on the comparison of the consciousness of the urban agriculture between urban farmers and public officials and to inquire into the further revitalization scheme in the end. For this purpose, this study drew implications through studying latest trend and the legislation of domestic and foreign urban agriculture and then conducted a questionnaire survey of urban farmers and public officials. Because of this research, the revitalization schemes of urban agriculture are as follows: First, it's necessary to secure the usable arable land, such as the green roof, community garden, as well as urban agriculture park, etc. Second, it is necessary to establish the urban agriculture relations act suited for the actual circumstances of our country and to back up the legislation at an institutional, technological level in terms of a nation in order to secure the durability of urban agriculture. Third, it is advisable to make a proposal about the problems in time of activities for cultivation by forming a network between urban farmers and public officials and to prepare the plan for the active exchange of farming technologies. Fourth, it's necessary to activate the community gardens by supplying the education through cultivation method & its management method, and a variety of urban-agriculture-participation programs. Fifth, it is necessary to set up the specialized and practical education through an institute for landscape architecture. Sixth, it is necessary to induce the spontaneous participation in urban agriculture from urban farmers accompanied by the activities for promotion that are worth arousing urban farmers' interest. Lastly, it is also necessary to establish a legal basis of urban agricultural parks and facilities as well as to promote a search for multilateral policies and their practice so that the further urban agriculture can be stably continued within city boundaries.