• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.100 no.3
• /
• pp.494-503
• /
• 2011

This study was aimed at applying the IUCN category system to the Baekdudaegan Protected Area. A classification key was developed to apply the system to the overlapped designated protected areas inside of Baekdudaegan Protected Area. Korea national parks and forests managers' and experts' opinions were collected and they all agreed to the use of multiple classification in Baekdudaegan Protected Area. For example, the type of natural forests among the Forest Genetic Resources Reserves was classified to be IUCN Category Ia while other types of Forest Genetic Resources Reserve was classified to be Category IV. And the Protected Forest Landscape was classified to be Category V while the other types of protected forests were classified to be Category VI. The study suggests the need of classification of forest protected areas including Baekdudaegan Protected Area using IUCN system accompanying with protected areas management effectiveness evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.138-161
• /
• 2011

The 'Jwasuyeongseongji' (Site of naval wall-fortress in Suyeong) in Busan is the subject of this study. It has been desturbed mostly, and is named 'Suyeong historic site'. One of the important aspects of 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is that it was a historic place confronting with the Japanese Invasion of Chosun in 1592. This was the place where the Japanese Invasion of Chosun broke out and a number of people were slaughtered by the Japanese invaders. Now the place is converted to a playground. Although 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is the place of historic interest, the forest area is separated by paths and sidewalks. Further, there are sports facilities and relaxing people. Examples of advanced countries show that the abuse like Jwaisuyeongseongji is thoroughly prohibited. Although the Dangsan forest of jwasuyeongseongji remains in the megalopolis of Busan, it has been damaged and abused in spite of being a historic site. Nevertheless, Jwasuyeongseongji is an invaluable traditional cultural heritage. The objective of this study was to search for solutions of authenticity restoration for the remains of Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan. The Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji is a forest of Pinus thunbergii in an area of $130{\times}230m$. Jwasuyeongseongji is currently named Suyeong historic park, and is registered as monuments No. 8 by Suyeong-gu, Busan. The two Dangsan trees at Jwasuyeongseongji are registered as natural monuments No. 270 and No. 311. The complex management system needs to be designated as 'Dangsan forest of Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan', and managed as a natural monument or national historic site. Dangsan forest has a meaning of divine place. Therefore, the artificial facilities need to be removed from Dangsan forest so that the original features are restored with the spirit of Jwasuyeongseongji. Also, the administration needs to be transfered from Suyeong-gu, Busan to the Cultural Heritage Administration.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.366-373
• /
• 2007

This study researched the number of individuals of Roe deer (Capreolus pygarus tianschanicus Satunin), which inhabit Mt. Halla (Hallasan) National Park and its neighboring areas ranging about $270km^2$ areas. The research was done from November(late fall), 1998 to March(early spring), 2001, and additional research was carried out from November 2006 to January 2007. As a result of this, we identified a total of 1,444 deer, and found out the fact that there lived 5.33 deer per $km^2$. By region, we identified a maximum of 270 deer at Donnaeko hiking path and a minimum of 12 deer at the adjacent areas to the second Sanrok-road. The frequency of Roe deer group sighting was higher at the edge of Hallasan National Park than any other surveyed region. Thus, it is estimated that the distribution of Roe deer of Hallasan is more influenced by the quantity and quality of food than human-made interference during wintry season.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.21-32
• /
• 2005

In Incheon metropolitan city, the urban open space areas are deficient and it is nearly impossible to obtain newly the land for parks by reason of the risk of the land value, the budgetary deficit and so forth. Therefore, it seems to be urgent to consider how to manage the established urban natural park efficiently to enhance the quality of recreational experiences of the public. The organization for the urban natural parks management is to be completely put in good order, for the objects to manage is changeable as well as diverse and what users need should be full satisfied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences of urban natural park's management suggest the improvement and development directions in urban natural park by group(professionals and Users). To do this, data were collected in the typical regions by urban natural park for this study, using the questionnaires. In these urban natural park, the on-site survey was carried out the users of these urban natural park during October in 2004. Also The analysis was done with the valid questionnaires of user's 644 and professional's 146. The questionnaires contained three of categories : openspace types' satisfaction and urban natural park's satisfaction, and management, and park user's socioeconomic characteristics and behaviors. Data collected from respondents were analysized by descriptive statistics, T-test, factor analysis and regression analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; The evaluation of urban natural park management is predicted the operation management. So, one can draw a conclusion that user's needs is likely to be increased correspondingly as urban natural park planning and design, management which meets the overall satisfaction. Using the results of this study, we can make a guideline for a park management program, market positioning, standards and provisions of urban natural park by group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to propose vegetation management devices through analyzing the actual vegetation, flora, plant community structure and soil chemical concentrations in Weolmi urban nature park, Incheon. The actual vegetation of Weolmi Park in various areas is composed of urbanization area(2 types, 25.9%), landscape planting area(4 types, 16.1%), grass and marsh area(5 types, 7.6%) and mountain forest areal(14 types, 50.4%). The flora is composed of 295 taxa with 80 families, 253 species, 35 varieties and 7 formas, and among them there are 16 naturalized plant families, 39 species, 3 varieties. In reflection of size, the number of the species seems high but most of the them are under influence of human disturbance. Nine survey plots of plant community structure are classified into two groups. One is the semi-natural plant community(Prunus sargentii-Acer palmatum, Quercus accutissma-Prunus sargentii, Quercus serrata-Quercus accutissma-Prunus sargentii, Prunus sargentii, and Zelkova serrata-Prunus sargentii) that migrated finn the planting forest to the natural forest and the other is planting forest(Pinus koraienssis-Pinus thunbergii-Abies holophylla-Chamaectparis obtusa, Prunus sargentii, Pinus thunbergii-Alnus firma, Zelkova serrata). The average pH is 4.65 which means the soil acidity is quite high. The concentration of K, Ca, Mg and base saturation is very low. It seems that the environmental pollutants from Incheon Port and industrial plants near by survey site and long-distance transport of air pollutants from China made the soil condition worse. On the basis of the results above, six vegetation management devices are suggested: 1) removing the hazard plants(Pueraia thunbergiana and Humulus japonica), 2) natural landscape management of the middle and long term, 3) increasing species diversity, 4) Robinia pseudoacacia management, 5) keeping the naturalized plants from being distributed any further inside the mountain forest, 6) improving soil acidification.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 2018

Mushrooms growing spontaneously in the Juwangsan National Park were surveyed from April to October 2017 for supporting management of higher fungi and creating a bio-diversity database of the park. In total, two divisions, eight classes, 21 orders, 85 families, 225 genera, and 503 species were detected. Among them, 247 species belonged to order Agaricales, which occupied 48.8% of the population, followed by members of orders Polyporales and Russulales. The mushrooms were abundant in August, and an altitude of 300-400 m above sea level was optimal for their growth, such as those found at Sanguijigu, Deajeonsa, and Geodaeri semgoal areas. Furthermore, Macrolepiota procera and Sarcodon aspratus, which belong to criteria of climate change, were detected in this survey.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.133-144
• /
• 2020

The national parks of South Korea take up an area of 6,726 ㎢, which accounts for 6.7% of the national land. They are national conservation areas with their area made up of 59.1% of land (3,972.6 ㎢) and 40.9% of seawaters (2,753.7 ㎢). And in 2019, the national parks are classified by type into 17 mountainous, 4 maritime or coastal, and 1 historical site. Here, the maritime or coastal nation parks are lately spotlighted as landmarks in maritime tourism. However, the area of the maritime or coastal national parks is continuously dwindling due to conflicts between the residents in the parks and Korea national park service, the continued pressure with respect to the regional tourism development and private investments, and the abolition of parks in relation to allegedly breached private properties. This study identifies the issues with the operation and management of national parks as caused by the abolition of parks and the reduction of areas, and goes from there to do research with the aim of suggesting an institutionalized improvement plan with a view to more useful operation and management of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the natural resources in the sea and on land should be surveyed again to establish the standard for use-specific zoning and reorganize the park areas in adjusting the national park areas. Second, the use-specific districts need to be reviewed for their reorganization that meets the designation requirements by focusing on the characteristics of the different national parks with a view to ensuring reasonable natural conservation in the maritime or coastal national parks. Third, various support facilities for residents such as public path, lodgings, and rentals need to be created to reduce the conflicts between Korea national park service and those who live in the parks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.63-75
• /
• 2017

This study carried out for establishing the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Mudeung National Park based on the results of conservation value assessment for yellow-throated marten habitats. Yellow-throated marten has significant implications as umbrella species for the wildlife habitats conservation, therefore, this species could be used to ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Mudeung National Park. In this study, we diagnosed the quality of yellow-throated marten habitats in Mt. Mudeung National Park based on five natural and two artificial factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by trails quantitatively based on land use intensity. As a result, forest landscape quality in Mt. Mudeung National Park was influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on the intensity of trails. Therefore, in this study, we suggested the closing of trails composed of the illegal and 36 legal trails. And then, we modeled the changes of habitats quality of Yellow-throated marten for each closing step. As a result the area of core habitats increased by two times and wildlife habitats quality improved in the whole area of the Mt. Mudeung National Park. As a result, the results of this study indicate that man-made linear landscape elements play a key role in the quality of habitats for predators, which require large habitats area like the Yellow-throated marten. Therefore, in order to establish an ecological restoration plan in the mountainous area, we recommend the concept of the linear landscape should be applied with the concept of area landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2020

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect has intensified due to urbanization and heat management at the urban level is treated as an important issue. Green space improvement projects and environmental policies are being implemented as a way to alleviate Urban Heat Islands. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the correlation between urban green areas and heat with linear regression models. However, linear regression models have limitations explaining the correlation between heat and the multitude of variables as heat is a result of a combination of non-linear factors. This study evaluated the Heat Island alleviating effects in Seoul during the summer by using a deep neural network model methodology, which has strengths in areas where it is difficult to analyze data with existing statistical analysis methods due to variable factors and a large amount of data. Wide-area data was acquired using Landsat 8. Seoul was divided into a grid (30m × 30m) and the heat island reduction variables were enter in each grid space to create a data structure that is needed for the construction of a deep neural network using ArcGIS 10.7 and Python3.7 with Keras. This deep neural network was used to analyze the correlation between land surface temperature and the variables. We confirmed that the deep neural network model has high explanatory accuracy. It was found that the cooling effect by NDVI was the greatest, and cooling effects due to the park size and green space proximity were also shown. Previous studies showed that the cooling effects related to park size was 2℃-3℃, and the proximity effect was found to lower the temperature 0.3℃-2.3℃. There is a possibility of overestimation of the results of previous studies. The results of this study can provide objective information for the justification and more effective formation of new urban green areas to alleviate the Urban Heat Island phenomenon in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal avifauna and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect wild birds in Chirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 3 main trail districts by line transect method to figure out influence factor of inhabitation of wild birds from February to November in 1991. The study results are as follows : The observed birds were belong to 6 orders 24 families 49 species and 981 individuals and Falco tinnunculus(Natural monument No. 323). These birds also classified into 24 species for residents, 12 species for summer visitor. 9 species for winter visitor, 4 species for passage migrant, respectively. The observed average frequeney of birds was 2.09e.a./ha, and main dominant species were Parus varius, Parus major, Emberiza elegans, Garrolus glandarius, Sitta europaea, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Parus palustris in order. Cheoneun-sa trail route showed relatively decreasing trend of wild birds during spring and fall season because of the highest trail use of visitors. Maximum frequency of species and individuals appeared at Hwaum-sa route in spring and at Piagol route in fall. respectively. Those regions well explained the advantageous inhabitation area of birds in both regions. The diversity index of birds in winter showed little difference of similarity index due to balanced use of trails. Seasonal low similarity index in those 3 main trail district indicate a dissimilarity of environmental factors. Trail use restriction as a provision of proper management and protection of wild birds have to be made at Hwaum-sa route where propagation of birds actively occurred in spring and at Piagol route where birds wintering were observed will contribute to enhance species diversity in the future.