• Title/Summary/Keyword: 공룡발자국 화석층

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Dinosaur Track-Bearing Deposits at Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace in Daegokcheon Stream, Ulju (National Treasure No. 285): Occurrences, Paleoenvironments, and Significance in Natural history (국보 제285호 울주 대곡리 반구대 암각화 지역의 공룡발자국 화석층 : 산상, 고환경 및 자연사적 가치)

  • Kim, Hyun Joo;Paik, In Sung;Lim, Jong-Deock
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.46-67
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    • 2014
  • The Dinosaur track-bearing deposits recently found at Bangudae Petroglyph site in Ulju (National Treasure No. 285) have been studied in the aspects of sedimentology, paleoenvironments, and significance in natural history. The dinosaur tracks occur in the Daegu Formation (late Early Cretaceous), and over 80 footprints including 43 ornithopod footprints, 36 sauropod footprints, and 2 theropod footprints are preserved in this tracksite. The track-bearing deposits consist of irregularly interlaminated siltstone and mudstone, calcareous sandy to silty mudstone, thin-bedded tuffaceous sandstone, planar- to cross-laminated sandstone, and thin- to medium-bedded graded sandstone, and they are interpreted to be sheetflood deposits on an alluvial plain. Diverse types of ripples and mudcracks, rainprints, and invertebrate trace fossils are observed in these deposits, and the crest-lines of wave ripples do not show preferred orientation. Dinosaur footprints occur as true prints, underprints, overtracks, and casts on the bedding surfaces, and the orientation of trackways are scattered. It is interpreted that paleoclimatic condition of the track-bearing deposits were semiarid with alternation of wetting and drying periods, and that dinosaurs frequented small and shallow ponds during wetting periods and recorded their tracks on an alluvial plain. The frequent occurrence of dinosaur tracks in study area indicates that the Cretaceous deposits around Daegokcheon Stream are very useful sedimentological and paleontological records to understand the paleoecology and paleoenvironments during the dinosaur age in Korean Peninsula. Consequently the dinosaur track-bearing deposits around Daegokcheon Stream should be further studied in sedimentary geology and paleontology in order to enhance cultural heritage value of the Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace as the World Heritage.

Dinosaur Tracksite at Jeori, Geumseongmyeon, Euiseonggun, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea(National Monument No. 373) - Occurrences, Significance in Natural History, and Preservation Plan - (경북 의성군 금성면 제오리 공룡발자국화석 산지(천연기념물 제373호) - 산상, 자연사적 가치 및 보존 방안 -)

  • Paik, In Sung;Kim, Hyun Joo;Kang, Hee Cheol;Lim, Jong-Deock
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.268-289
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    • 2013
  • The Dinosaur tracksite at Jeori, Geumseongmyeon, Euiseonggun, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea (National Monument No. 373) has been studied in the aspects of location, stratigraphy, sedimentology, fossil occurrence, unique geological records, literature, significance in natural history, preservation, and management. On the basis of these features, the Jeori tracksite has been assessed semiquantitavely. The Jeori tracksite occurs in the Sagok Formation (Albian) of the Euiseong sub-basin, and over 300 footprints forming 12 sauropod trackways, 10 ornithopod trackways, and 1 theropod trackways are preserved in this tracksite. The track-bearing deposits consist of tabular-bedded medium- to fine-grained arkose with mudstone drape, interlaminated fine-grained sandstone to siltstone and mudstone, and shaly mudstone. The dinosaur tracks are preserved in the interlaminated fine-grained sandstone to siltstone and mudstone, and most of them are observed as underprints. The track-bearing deposits are interpreted as sheetflood deposits on the floodplain under a seasonal paleoclimatic condition with alternating of wetting and drying periods. Multiple tension fractures with NE strike were formed in the track-bearing bed, which resulted in that tracks seem to occur in several horizons. The significance in natural history of the tracksite can be summarized as follows: 1) the historical implication of the Jeori tracksite as the firstly designated National Monument of dinosaur fossil sites, 2) the high density of the occurrence of diverse footprints (over 300) within small area (about $1,600m^2$), and 3) the significance of the tension fractures associated with the track-bearing bed as geoeducational records for the understanding the development of fault. In order to share the value of the Jeori tracksite in the aspect of natural history with the community and public, the interpretive panel should be modified to include figures explaining paleoenvironment and tension fault development. In addition it is recommended that a brochure be published briefly explaining the tracksite and to educate the residents about the natural and social significance of the tracksite. For the safety of visitors it would be desirable for the road in front of the tracksite to be moved at least 10 m southward, which could mitigate the shaking of the track bed caused by traffic.

천연기념물 제395호 진주 가진리 새발자국과 공룡발자국 화석산지의 새로운 해석

  • Im, Jong-Deok;Gong, Dal-Yong;Kim, Gyeong-Su;Kim, Tae-Hyeong
    • 한국지구과학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.04a
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    • pp.21-21
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    • 2010
  • 천연기념물 제395호 진주 가진리 새발자국과 공룡발자국 화석산지는 1997년 5월 20일, 경남과학교육원 신축 공사장에서 당시 경남과학고등학교 교사로 근무하던 백광석(현재 서상중고등학교 교장)에 의해 최초로 발견되어, 수 백 점의 새발자국 화석과 공룡발자국 화석들이 학계에 알려지게 되었다. 지금까지도 세계 여러나라의 중생대 새 발자국 중에서 가장 밀도가 높은 화석산지로 손꼽히고 있으며 많은 학자들의 관심을 받고 있다. 이곳의 지질은 백악기 하양층군 함안층 하부의 적색 이암 또는 셰일과 사암의 호층으로 구성되어 있고, 새발자국 화석들은 적색 이암에서 발견된다. 현재, 이 화석산지는 경남과학교육원 건물 내부에 위치하고 있으며, '화석문화재전시관'이라는 명칭으로 보호 및 관리되고 있기때문에 자연재해와 풍화에 의한 침식을 1차적으로 막고 있다. 이 화석산지는 우리나라에서는 천연기념물 제394호 해남 우항리 화석산지와 함께 현장을 그대로 보존하면서 화석의 보존과 관리를 동시에 할 수 있는 건물을 지어 자연사교육을 진행할 수 있는 곳으로 많은 학생들을 대상으로 우리나라의 소중한 화석을 직접 관찰하고 학습하는 체험교육이 가능하다. 원격조종카메라 시스템을 활용하여 관람객이 직접 자신이 원하는 발자국 화석을 세부적으로 관찰할 수 있게 장치한 interactive system은 과학교육 효과를 증진시킨다. 선행 연구에 의하면, 본 화석산지에서 익룡의 발자국 화석(KS 071)도 공룡이나 새발자국과 같은 층리면에서 서로 겹쳐서 나타난다고 보고되었으나, 본 연구에 의해 다시 조사된 결과 전형적인 익룡의 발자국 화석에서 보이는 분명한 특징들을 발견할 수 없었다. 물갈퀴를 가진 새발자국 가운데에서 Uhangrichnus chuni 와 Jindongornipes kimi 로 기재된 표본들에 대하여서도 새롭게 분석하였다. Uhangrichnus chuni로 기재된 많은 표본들은 II-IV번 발가락 사이의 각, 물갈퀴의 형태, 뚜렷한 hallux 등의 형태적 특징을 근거로 할 때, 대부분이 Ignotorinis yangi로 판단된다. Jindongornipes kimi로 기재된 표본들은 이미 기재된 표본보다 크기가 적어도 10%-25%가 작으며, II-IV번 발가락 사이의 각에서 차이를 보인다.

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Contaminant Mechanism and Management of Tracksite of Pterosaurs, Birds, and Dinosaurs in Chungmugong-dong, Jinju, Korea (천연기념물 진주 충무공동 익룡·새·공룡발자국 화석산지의 오염물 형성 메커니즘과 관리방안)

  • Myoungju Choie;Sangho Won;Tea Jong Lee;Seong-Joo Lee;Dal-Yong Kong;Myeong Seong Lee
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.56 no.6
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    • pp.715-728
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    • 2023
  • Tracksite of pterosaurs, birds, and dinosaurs in Chungmugong-dong in Jinju was designated as a natural monument in 2011 and is known as the world's largest in terms of the number and density of pterosaur footprints. This site has been managed by installing protection buildings to conserve in 2018. About 17% of the footprints of pterosaur, theropod, and ornithopod in this site under management in the 2nd protection building are of great academic value, but observation of footprints has difficulties due to continuous physical and chemical damage. In particular, the accumulation of milk-white contaminants is formed by the gypsum and air pollutant complex. Gypsum remains evaporated with a plate or columnar shape in the process of water circulation around the 2nd protection building, and the dust is from through the inflow of the gallery windows. The aqueous solution of gypsum, consisting of calcium from the lower bed and sulfur from grass growth, is catchmented into the groundwater from the area behind the protection building. Pollen and a few minerals other constituents of contaminants, go through the gallery window, which makes it difficult to expel dust. To conserve the fossil-bearing beds from two contaminants of different origins, controlling the water and atmospheric circulation of the 2nd protection building and removing the contaminants continuously is necessary. When cleaning contaminants, the steam cleaning method is sufficiently effective for powder-shaped milk-white contaminants. The fossil-bearing bed consists of dark gray shale with high laser absorption power; the laser cleaning method accompanies physical loss to fossils and sedimentary structures; therefore, avoiding it as much as possible is desirable.

Sauropod Tracks and Trackways from the Cretaceous Kyokpori Formation, Buangun, Jeollabukdo (전라북도 부안군 백악기 격포리층에서 산출된 용각류 발자국 화석과 보행열)

  • Kim, Kyung Soo;Kim, Jeong Yul;Kong, Dal Yong
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.4-19
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    • 2009
  • Total 57 sauropod tracks are found from the Cretaceous Kyokpori Formation in the Buangun, Jeollabukdo, Korea. Six sauropod trackways in second stratigraphic level of three stratigraphic levels were recognized and described. The type of sauropod trackways is a wide-gauge trackway which has been generally in Cretaceous sauropod trackways. On the basis of foot length, trackway orientations, and preservation, all of the tracks are thought to have been made by small sauropods moving not only towards and away from the shoreline but also along the shoreline of lacustrine environment.

Applied Mineralogy for the Conservation of Dinosaur Tracks in the Goseong Interchange Area (35번 고속도로 고성 교차로 지역 공룡발자국의 보존을 위한 응용광물학적 연구)

  • Jeong Gi Young;Kim Soo Jin
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.189-199
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    • 2004
  • Cretaceous sedimentary rocks bearing dinosaur tracks in the Goseong interchange area were studied for their conservation and public display in the aspect of applied mineralogy. Black clay layers alternate with silt layers in the sedimentary rocks. The verical and horizontal fissures are commonly filled with calcite veinlets, supergenetic iron and manganese oxides. The rocks are composed of quartz, albite, K-feldspar, calcite, chlorite, illite, muscovite, and biotite, with minor apatite and rutile. Silt layers are relatively rich in calcite and albite, whereas clay layers are abundant in quartz, illite, and chlorite. Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ti, and P are enriched in the clay layers, while Ca, Na, and Mn in silt. Most of trace elements including V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cs, Zr, REE, Th, and U are enriched in clay layers. Inorganic carbon are present in silt layers as calcite, while organic carbon in black clay layers. The black clay layers were partly altered to yellow clay layers along the fissures, simultaneously with the decrease of organic carbon. Selective exfoliation of clay-rich black and yellow clay layers, calcite matrix of silt layers and calcite infillings of fissures are estimated as the major weakness potentially promoting chemical and physical degradation of the track-bearing rock specimens.

K-Ar Ages of Cretaceous Fossil Sites, Seoyuri, Hwasun, Southern Korea (화순 서유리의 백악기 화석산지에 대한 K-Ar 연대)

  • Kim, Cheong Bin;Kang, Seong Seung
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.33 no.7
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    • pp.618-626
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    • 2012
  • The Cretaceous fossil sites of Seoyuri in Hwasun was designated as the Korean Natural Monument No. 487 in November 2007. It provides important resources for paleoenvironmental studies, including theropod trackways, plant fossils, mudcracks, ripple marks, and horizontal bedding. The Cretaceous sedimentary strata contain a wide variety of volcanic pebbles, 5-40 cm in diameter in the lower portion and are overlain by the Late Cretaceous Hwasun andesite. Whole rock absolute K-Ar age determinations were performed on six volcanic pebbles from the Cretaceous sedimentary strata and on two samples from the overlaying Hwasun andesite. These ages indicate that the rocks belong to the period between the Turonian of the late Cretaceous (91-70 Ma) and the Pliocene age of the early Cenozoic ($63.4{\pm}1.2$ and $62.1{\pm}1.2$ Ma). Thus, the K-Ar ages indicate that the maximum geological age of the dinosaur track-bearing sedimentary deposits is about ca. 70 Ma. Therefore, it suggests that the age is comparable to the formation ages of the dinosaur footprints-bearing deposits in Sado area of Yeosu (71-66Ma).

Age of the volcanism and deposition determined from the Cretaceous strata of the islands of Yeosu-si (여수시 도서지역의 백악기층에 나타나는 화성활동 및 퇴적시기)

  • Park, Kye-Hun;Paik, In-Sung;Huh, Min
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.70-78
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    • 2003
  • Sado, Chudo, Mokdo, Nangdo, and Jeokgeumdo are the islands which belong to Hwajeong-myeon, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do and there are various kinds of volcanic rocks, volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, and dinosaur-fossil bearing sedimentary rocks on these islands. This study is designed to constrain geologic ages of these volcanic and sedimentary rocks. K-Ar ages of these rocks indicate that the volcanism of this area occurred mainly during the period of 91.8 ${\pm}$ 3.5∼65.5 ${\pm}$ 1.3(l$\sigma$) Ma. Deposition ages of the sedimentary rocks were bracketed based on the ages of the volcanic rocks and observed field relationship between sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The oldest sedimentary deposit of the area is the volcanic pebble bearing conglomerate of the Jeokgeumdo and its deposition age is ca. 81 Ma or less. The deposition age of the Chudo shale, which belongs to stratigraphically upper sequence and bears many dinosaur footprints, is at least ca. 77 Ma. Conglomerate of the Mokdo was deposited at ca. 72∼70 Ma. The deposition age of the dinosaur fossil deposit of the Sado is at least ca. 65 Ma. All the investigated volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Yeosu islands were formed during the late Cretaceous and dinosaurs lived until the latest Cretaceous in this area.

Cretaceous Pterosaur Tracks in Daegok-ri, Ulju-gun, Ulsan: Spatio-temporal Distribution of Pterosaur in the Korean Peninsula (울산 울주군 대곡리에서 산출된 백악기 익룡 발자국: 한반도 익룡의 시공간적 분포)

  • Ha, Sujin;Chae, Yong-Un;Lim, Jong Deock;Kim, Cheong-Bin;Lim, Hyoun Soo;Kim, Kyung Soo
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.39 no.5
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    • pp.458-472
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    • 2018
  • Pterosaur tracks were discovered recently in the Daegok-ri dinosaur tracksite (Ulsan Metropolitan City Cultural Properties No. 13), Ulju-gun, Ulsan. Those tracks were reported as being the first in the Cretaceous deposits of Ulsan area. This tracksite is located relatively far from the Gyeongsangnam-do coastal area where pterosaur tracks were reported intensively, and there are stratigraphic differences. This study described the pterosaur tracks and trackway of the Daegok-ri tracksite and discussed the spatio-temporal distribution of the Cretaceous pterosaurs in the Korean Peninsula. The pterosaur footprints founded in Daegok-ri can be classified as Pteraichnus ichnosp., followed by the morphological characteristics. Based on the distribution of the pterosaur tracks on the Korean Peninsula including the Daegok-ri pterosaur tracks, it was estimated that the Cretaceous pterosaurs on the Korean Peninsula had survived approximately for 40 million years from 120 Ma (i.e., Early Cretaceous) to 80 Ma (i.e., Late Cretaceous) and inhabited in various sedimentary environments regardless of the basin size and the specific sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the occurrence of the sauropod, ornithopod, theropod, pterosaurs, birds, and crocodyliforms tracks/trackways in the Daegok-ri area represented that the Cretaceous vertebrate ichnodiversity was fairly high.

Conservation Scientific Diagnosis and Evaluation of Bird Track Sites from the Haman Formation at Yongsanri in Haman, Korea (함안 용산리 함안층 새발자국 화석산지의 보존과학적 진단 및 평가)

  • Lee, Gyu Hye;Park, Jun Hyoung;Lee, Chan Hee
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.52 no.3
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    • pp.74-93
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    • 2019
  • The Bird Track Site in the Haman Formation in Yongsanri (Natural Monument No. 222) was reported on the named Koreanaornis hamanensis and Jindongornipes kimi sauropod footprint Brontopodus and ichnospecies Ochlichnus formed by Nematoda. This site has outstanding academic value because it is where the second-highest number of bird tracks have been reported in the world. However, only 25% of the site remains after being designated a natural monument in 1969. This is due to artificial damage caused by worldwide fame and quarrying for flat stone used in Korean floor heating systems. The Haman Formation, including this fossil site, has lithofacies showing reddish-grey siltstone and black shale, alternately. The boundary of the two rocks is progressive, and sedimentary structures like ripple marks and sun cracks can clearly be found. This site was divided into seven formations according to sedimentary sequences and structures. The results of a nondestructive deterioration evaluation showed that chemical and biological damage rates were very low for all formations. Also, physical damage displayed low rates with 0.49% on exfoliation, 0.04% on blistering, 0.28% on break-out; however, the joint crack index was high, 6.20. Additionally, efflorescence was observed on outcrops at the backside and the northwestern side. Physical properties measured by an indirect ultrasonic analysis were found to be moderately weathered (MW). Above all, the southeastern side was much fresher, though some areas around the column of protection facility appeared more weathered. Furthermore, five kinds of discontinuity surface can be found at this site, with the bedding plane showing the higher share. There is the possibility of toppling failure occurring at this site but stable on plane and wedge failure by means of stereographic projection. We concluded that the overall level of deterioration and stability were relatively fine. However, continuous monitoring and conservation treatment and management should be performed as situations such as the physicochemical weathering of the fossil layer, and the efflorescence of the mortar adjoining the protection facility's column appear to be challenging to control.