• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.8 s.338
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

This paper describes novel flip-flops with improved robustness and reduced power consumption. Variable sampling window flip-flop (VSWFF) adjusts the width of the sampling window according to input data, providing robust data latching as well as shorter hold time. The flip-flop also reduces power consumption for higher input switching activities as compared to the conventional low-power flip-flop. Clock swing-reduced variable sampling window flip-flop (CSR-VSWFF) reduces clock power consumption by allowing the use of a small swing clock. Unlike conventional reduced clock swing flip-flops, it requires no additional voltage higher than the supply voltage, eliminating design overhead related to the generation and distribution of this voltage. Simulation results indicate that the proposed flip-flops provide uniform latency for narrower sampling window and improved power-delay product as compared to conventional flip-flops. To evaluate the performance of the proposed flip-flops, test structures were designed and implemented in a $0.3\mu m$ CMOS process technology. Experimental result indicates that VSWFF yields power reduction for the maximum input switching activity, and a synchronous counter designed with CSR-VSWFF improves performance in terms of power consumption with no use of extra voltage higher than the supply voltage.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.343-348
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• 2022

This study aims to analyze the user experience of unmanned checkout counters perceived by consumers using SNS big data. For this study, blogs, news, intellectuals, cafes, intellectuals (tips), and web documents were analyzed on Naver and Daum, and 'unmanned checkpoints' were used as keywords for data search. The data analysis period was selected as two years from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. For data collection and analysis, frequency and matrix data were extracted through Textom, and network analysis and visualization analysis were conducted using the NetDraw function of the UCINET 6 program. As a result, the perception of the checkout counter was clustered into accessibility, usability, continuous use intention, and others according to the definition of consumers' experience factors. From a supplier's point of view, if unmanned checkpoints spread indiscriminately to solve the problem of raising the minimum wage and shortening working hours, a bigger employment problem will arise from a social point of view. In addition, institutionalization is needed to supply easy and convenient unmanned checkout counters for the elderly and younger generations, children, and foreigners who are not familiar with unmanned calculation.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.79-112
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• 2000

This study was focused on the contrasting pattern of part-time employment between Japan and Taiwan where the environments are similar in terms of expanding service industries and increasing flexibility of labor. In Japan, the expansion of part-time employment and its feminization have occurred, whereas they have not at all in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons behind this phenomena, and to explore what relations they might have with the supply of women\`s labor in each country. Data analysis showed the following results. First, when the phenomena of part-time employment in Japan and Taiwan are summarized as \`active\` and \`inactive\` models, the difference could be explained by a structure-oriented approach rather than an individual-oriented approach. In other words, the difference between the two countries is mainly because of the structural characteristics of the labor market. a combination of capitalism and patriarchy, and an effect of state welfare and family policies rather than a \`voluntaristic choice\` due tn household work and child rearing. In light of this. the labor market segmentation and flexibility of labor theory in particular provided a useful frame for explanation. Second, with regard to the supply of women\`s labor, the difference between Japan and Taiwan could be found in the structure of the labor market and in family response strategies. The large corporation-oriented and strictly divided labor market structure in Japan activated part-time employment and its feminization, whereas, the small family-oriented businesses and less divided labor market in Taiwan supported the continuity of full-time employment of married women. There was also a room for informal employment in Taiwan which made part-time employment unnecessary. This study showed that even within similar environments of expanding service industry and pursuing flexibility of labor different measures and adaptations were possible. The case of Taiwan in particular, showed the significance of an informal labor market which was a part of industrialization process and a strategy of producing various products through a subcontracting network.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.45-65
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• 2020

It is desirable to invest in wine that increases its value, but wine investment itself is unfamiliar in Korea. Also, the process itself is unreasonable, and information is often forged, because pricing in the wine market is done by a small number of people. With the right solution, however, the wine market can be a desirable investment destination in that the longer one invests, the higher one can expect. Also, it is expected that the domestic wine consumption market will expand through the steady increase in domestic wine imports. This study presents the consortium block chain framework for revitalizing the wine market and enhancing transparency as the "right solution" of the nation's wine investment market. Blockchain governance can compensate for the shortcomings of the wine market because it guarantees desirable decision-making rights and accountability. Because the data stored in the block chain can be checked by consumers, it reduces the likelihood of counterfeit wine appearing and complements the process of unreasonably priced. In addition, digitization of assets resolves low cash liquidity and saves money and time throughout the supply chain through smart contracts, lowering entry barriers to wine investment. In particular, if the governance of the block chain is composed of 'chateau-distributor-investor' through consortium blockchains, it can create a desirable wine market. The production process is stored in the block chain to secure production costs, set a reasonable launch price, and efficiently operate the distribution system by storing the distribution process in the block chain, and forecast the amount of orders for futures trading. Finally, investors make rational decisions by viewing all of these data. The study presented a new perspective on alternative investment in that ownership can be treated like a share. We also look forward to the simplification of food import procedures and the formation of trust within the wine industry by presenting a framework for wine-owned sales. In future studies, we would like to expand the framework to study the areas to be applied.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.287-316
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• 2023

As global energy crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic have emerged as social issues, there is a growing demand for companies to move away from profit-centric business models and embrace sustainable management that balances environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. ESG activities of companies vary across industries, and industry-specific weights are applied in ESG evaluations. Therefore, it is important to develop strategic management approaches that reflect the characteristics of each industry and the importance of each ESG factor. Additionally, with the stance of strengthened focus on ESG disclosures, specific guidelines are needed to identify and report on sustainable management activities of domestic companies. To understand corporate sustainability strategies, analyzing ESG reports and news articles by industry can help identify strategic characteristics in specific industries. However, each company has its own unique strategies and report structures, making it difficult to grasp detailed trends or action items. In our study, we analyzed ESG reports (2019-2021) and news articles (2019-2022) of six companies in the 'Finance,' 'Manufacturing,' and 'IT' sectors to examine the sustainability strategies of leading domestic ESG companies. Text mining techniques such as keyword frequency analysis and topic modeling were applied to identify industry-specific, ESG element-specific management strategies and issues. The analysis revealed that in the 'Finance' sector, customer-centric management strategies and efforts to promote an inclusive culture within and outside the company were prominent. Strategies addressing climate change, such as carbon neutrality and expanding green finance, were also emphasized. In the 'Manufacturing' sector, the focus was on creating sustainable communities through occupational health and safety issues, sustainable supply chain management, low-carbon technology development, and eco-friendly investments to achieve carbon neutrality. In the 'IT' sector, there was a tendency to focus on technological innovation and digital responsibility to enhance social value through technology. Furthermore, the key issues identified in the ESG factors were as follows: under the 'Environmental' element, issues such as greenhouse gas and carbon emission management, industry-specific eco-friendly activities, and green partnerships were identified. Under the 'Social' element, key issues included social contribution activities through stakeholder engagement, supporting the growth and coexistence of members and partner companies, and enhancing customer value through stable service provision. Under the 'Governance' element, key issues were identified as strengthening board independence through the appointment of outside directors, risk management and communication for sustainable growth, and establishing transparent governance structures. The exploration of the relationship between ESG disclosures in reports and ESG issues in news articles revealed that the sustainability strategies disclosed in reports were aligned with the issues related to ESG disclosed in news articles. However, there was a tendency to strengthen ESG activities for prevention and improvement after negative media coverage that could have a negative impact on corporate image. Additionally, environmental issues were mentioned more frequently in news articles compared to ESG reports, with environmental-related keywords being emphasized in the 'Finance' sector in the reports. Thus, ESG reports and news articles shared some similarities in content due to the sharing of information sources. However, the impact of media coverage influenced the emphasis on specific sustainability strategies, and the extent of mentioning environmental issues varied across documents. Based on our study, the following contributions were derived. From a practical perspective, companies need to consider their characteristics and establish sustainability strategies that align with their capabilities and situations. From an academic perspective, unlike previous studies on ESG strategies, we present a subdivided methodology through analysis considering the industry-specific characteristics of companies.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.400-412
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• 2003

It is now widely recognized that new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been changing the way tv which firms conduct their businesses. Examples are the application of enterprise resources planning (ERP) and business process reengineering (BPR) to increase the efficiency of internal resources management, adoption of Business-to-Business e-commerce (B2B e-com) to integrate supply chain, and invention of new marketing channels such as Business-to-Customer (B2C) e-com. These new ways of conducting businesses are believed to help firms to reduce transaction costs and increase productivity. As a result, new ICTs have played an important role in recent growth of many small firms into multi-functional and multi-product corporations and in their spatial expansion towards internationalization as well. This paper takes Haier in China as a case to study the role of new ICTs in the growth of firms and reveal how the new technologies have facilitated the expansion of Haier into a transnational corporation (TNC) by examining the internationalization process of the firm in relation to its adoption of new ICTs in the period from 1990 to 2002. The study reveals that the adoption of new Ins has helped Haier to integrate its functional units located in dozens of places across the world, which is essential to the internationalization of a firm, and to link closely together its worldwide suppliers and customers to achieve just-in-time (JIT) production and delivery. As such, the authors of the paper argue that, without the facilitation of new ICTS, Haier could not have developed into a TNC in less than ten years.It is now widely recognized that new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been changing the way tv which firms conduct their businesses. Examples are the application of enterprise resources planning (ERP) and business process reengineering (BPR) to increase the efficiency of internal resources management, adoption of Business-to-Business e-commerce (B2B e-com) to integrate supply chain, and invention of new marketing channels such as Business-to-Customer (B2C) e-com. These new ways of conducting businesses are believed to help firms to reduce transaction costs and increase productivity. As a result, new ICTs have played an important role in recent growth of many small firms into multi-functional and multi-product corporations and in their spatial expansion towards internationalization as well. This paper takes Haier in China as a case to study the role of new ICTs in the growth of firms and reveal how the new technologies have facilitated the expansion of Haier into a transnational corporation (TNC) by examining the internationalization process of the firm in relation to its adoption of new ICTs in the period from 1990 to 2002. The study reveals that the adoption of new Ins has helped Haier to integrate its functional units located in dozens of places across the world, which is essential to the internationalization of a firm, and to link closely together its worldwide suppliers and customers to achieve just-in-time (JIT) production and delivery. As such, the authors of the paper argue that, without the facilitation of new ICTS, Haier could not have developed into a TNC in less than ten years.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.359-369
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• 2011

Twelve species of food microalgae were investigated to clarify the digestion index of Crassostrea gigas larvae using epifluorescence microscopy to choose an appropriate diet for artificial seed production in hatchery. An experiment was conducted using 1 (D shaped stage), 4 (Early umbo stage), 8 (umbo stage) and 12 (Full grown stage) days old larvae. larvae were stocked in 1 L flasks at 5 individuals/mL and fed $10{\times}10^4$ algal cells/mL of each species individually. Prior to larvae were fed for 3 h and then were observed under the microscope to detect ingestion; larvae were then sieved and replaced in 1 L flasks containing filtered seawater and were observed after 3, 5 and 8 h to analyse the digestion index. Values of digestion indices were specific for each alga. No evidence for the ingestion of Thalassiosira weissflogii was evident at all larval development stages tested. Digestion indices of others microalgae were 0.8-99.7% at 4 stage of larval development stages: Chlorella ellipsoidea (0.8-5.4%), Nannochloris oculata (1.4-5.0%), Isochrysis galbana (99.1-99.5%), Pavlova lutheri (99.1-99.5%), I. aff. galbana (99.4-99.5%), Cheatoceros calcitrans (0.0-99.2%), C. gracilis (0.0-99.7%), C. simplex (0.0-95.9%), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (0.0-99.6%), Tetraselmis tetrathele (0.0-99.7%) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (0.0-99.6%), respectively. Therefore, it is assumed that food microalgae showing the high digestion such as I. galbana should be supplied to the early umbo stage larvae, and then after the umbo larval stage, the mixed microalgae with diatoms and light green algae should be supplied to the full grown stage larvae to increase the digestion of their larvae.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.461-466
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• 2010

In this study the feasibility of simultaneous electricity generation and treatment of swine farm wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was examined. Two single-chamber MFCs containing an anode filled with different ratio of graphite felt and stainless-steel cross strip was used in all tests. The proportion of stainless-steel cross strip to graphite felt in the anode of control microbial fuel cell (CMFC) was higher than that of swine microbial fuel cell (SMFC) to reduce construction costs. SMFCs produced a stable current of 18 mA by swine wastewater with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of $3.167{\pm}80\;mg/L$ after enriched. The maximum power density and current density of SMFCs were $680\;mW/m^3$ and $3,770\;mA/m^3$, respectively. In the CMFC, power density and current density was lower than that of SMFC. CODs decreased by the SMFC and CMFC from $3.167{\pm}80$ to $865{\pm}21$ and $930{\pm}14\;mg/L$, achieving 72.7% and 70.6% COD removal, respectively. The suspended solid (SS) of both fuel cells was also reduced over 99% ($4,533{\pm}67$ to $24.0{\pm}6.0\;mg/L$). The concentration of nutritive salts, ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${PO_4}^{3-}$, dropped by 65.4%, 57.5%, and 73.7% by the SMFC, respectively. These results were similar with those of CMFC. These results show that the microbial fuel cells using electrode with mix stainless-steel cross strip and graphite felt can treat the swine wastewater simultaneously with an electricity generation from swine wastewater.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8306-8313
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• 2015

Open-type current sensors have been commonly used for DC motor controller, AC variable controller and Uninterruptible Power Supply. Recently they have begun to be used more widely, as the growth of renewable energy and smart-grid in power system. Considering most of the open-type current sensors are imported, developing the core technology needed to produce open-type current sensors is required. This paper describes the development and test results of open-type current sensors. Design of C type magnetic core, selection and test of a Hall sensor, design of current source circuit and signal conditioning circuit are described. 100A class DIP(Dual In-line Package) type and SMD(Surface Mount Devide) type open-type current sensors was made and tested. Test results show that the developed open-type current sensor satisfies the accuracy requirement of 2% and linearity requirement of 2% at 100 A of DC and AC current of 60Hz. Temperature compensation was carried out by using a temperature compensation circuit with NTC(Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistor and the effect of the temperature compensation are described.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 2001

The study was carried out to suggest the development scheme of Forestry Association by the method of member's consciousness inclination analysis. The results are as follows ; 1. Most of Association members perceived the necessity for re-education about cooperative association, especially the research suitable to the characteristics of Korea Forestry. 2. 59.9% of members had negative response against revision of Forestry Association Law, and 39.5% of members had negative opinion about taking exclusive charge of forest working by Forestry Association, noting the need of immediate publicity activities for those charges. 3. Large number of members pointed out that the most serious problems for the management of private forest were the budgetary deficit and the lack of joint marketing system of forest products. 25.9% of members had complaints about the management of their own forests after joining the association. 4. 34.0% of members opposed Proxy Management and 48.8% of members wanted Portion Consignment System. 5. The analysis noted that due to increase of the aged in rural communities, it is necessary to establish Forestry Working Corps, which is under the control of the Government and Forestry Association to supply forestry labor in a appropriate time. 6. Most of Association members liked establishment of Special Association for each forest products.