• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.5 no.6 s.22
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• pp.245-254
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• 2004

Pre-compensation and post-construction policy'(PCPC) is a part of $\ulcorner$public project performance improvement policies (PPPIP)$\lrcorner$ whose purpose is to reduce the construction project cost by $20\%$. This research focuses on measuring the quantitative and qualitative impacts of PCPC public construction project. The evaluation of PCPC was conducted using five performance indices which are measuring performance improvement in terms of project cost and schedule. The analysis results show that implementation of this policy reduced $4.8\%$ of public construction project budget while playing a positive role in shortening the project schedule.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study explores urban gardening and garden culture in residential area as an everydayness that has been overlooked during the modern period urbanization and investigates the meaning and value of urban gardening from the perspective of urban formations and growth in spontaneous urban residential area, Haebangchon. The result identified that urban gardening as a meaning of contemporary culture is a new clue to improving the urban physical environment and changing the lives and community network of residents. Haebangchon is one of the few remaining spontaneous habitations in Seoul, and was created as a temporary unlicensed shantytown in 1940s. It became the representative habitation for common people in downtown Seoul through the revitalization of the 60s and the local reform through self-sustaining redevelopment projects during the 70s through the 90s. This area still contains the image of times during the 50s to the 60s, the 70s to the 80s and present, with the percentage of long-term stay residents high. Within this context, the site is divided into third quarters, and the research undertaken by observation and investigation to determine characteristics of urban gardening as an everydayness. It can be said that urban gardening and garden culture in Haebangchon is a unique location culture that has accumulated in the crevices of the physical condition and culture of life. These places are an expression of resident's desires that seeking out nature and gardening as revealed in densely-populated areas and the grounds of practical acting and participating in care and cultivation. It forms a unique, indigenous local landscape as an accumulation of everyday life of residents. Urban gardens in detached home has retained the original function of the dwelling and the garden, or 'madang', and takes on the characteristic of public space through the sharing of a public nature as well as semi-private spatial characteristic. Also, urban gardens including small kitchen garden and flowerpots that appear in the narrow streets provide pleasure as a part of nature that blossoms in narrow alley and functions as a public garden for exchanging with neighbors by sharing produce. This paper provides the concept of redefining the relationship between the private-public area that occurs between outside spaces that are cut off in a modern city.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.106-113
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• 2013

This study aims to establish the identity of traditional Korean gardens and develop a universal way for overseas Koreans and foreigners to have an appropriate understanding of traditional Korean gardens, as part of efforts to distribute and promote the overseas establishment of traditional Korean gardens. The focus of this study is on developing planning and design guidelines to ensure that traditional Korean gardens have individuality when they are established overseas and on establishing directional rules for planners. Although traditional Korean gardens may vary in form according to their purposes and spatial scales, the most important thing is that they should incorporate emotions that are well-matched with Korean landscapes and that their design language should be easily recognizable and understandable to everyone. The basic spatial types of traditional Korean gardens for overseas establishment, which are presented in this study, include the exhibition(fair) type, the garden type and the park type. These basic types serve as prototypes that correspond to the purposes of the gardens. In consideration of the spatial scale, the exhibition(fair) type is set as the minimum unit for composition, and suggested basic facilities include trees, a well, a pond and an island in the pond, flower beds and fences. The results of this study have significance as basic information for planning and designing traditional Korean gardens for overseas establishment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2010

The Gwanghalu garden which has a pond of approximately $6,000m^2$ around the pavilion at Namwon City, used as official uses consists of the various imaginary environmental elements such as moon palace as an immortal world, miniatured cosmology and law of nature. This study has focused on the interpretation of the imaginary environmental elements at 1) the name of garden structures, 2) the paintings on the structures, 3) the poems on the garden, and then emphasized on the values of imaginary environments at the historic sites which have been abandoned because of the Westernized scientific attitude in landscape design. Imaginary environment is the 3rd one above the natural and built environment which was a long traditional culture. Accordingly education on landscape architecture might pay attention to this lost environment, imaginary to give the people dream.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.84-99
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• 2021

Purposes: 우리나라 공공의료기관들의 경영실적 보고에 따르면 대부분의 공공의료기관들이 만성적자로 인한 경영난 문제를 겪고 있는 실정이다. 이는 공공의료서비스 제공 등이 주요 원인이겠지만 그럼에도 공공의료기관들의 경영효율화 문제는 지속적으로 지적되고 있음은 공공연한 사실이다. 이에 본 연구는 고정비 성격이 강한 인적자원관리비용과 경영성과 간의 관계를 분석하여 공공의료기관의 경영성과 개선을 위한 경영적 함의를 제공하고자 하였다. Methodology: 분석자료는 2014년부터 2019년까지 39개 지역거점 공공병원의 재무자료를 이용하였고, STATA SE 12.0을 사용하여 다중회귀분석과 패널회귀분석을 실시하였다. Findings: 다중회귀분석을 통한 단면연구 결과에서는 인건비가 높을수록 경영성과가 높은 경향을(2014년 의료수익:1.523/ 2015년 의료수익: 2.002, 의료수익의료이익률: 0.002/ 2016년 의료수익: 1.223) 보였으나 패널회귀분석을 통한 종단연구 결과에서는 복리후생비가 높을수록 경영성과가 의미있게 높은 경향을(의료수익: 3.232582/ 의료수익의료이익률: 0.0014502) 보였다. 이는 인건비는 경영성과에 단기적인 효과가 있는 반면 복리후생비는 경영성과에 장기적인 효과가 있음을 반영하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. Practical Implication: 본 연구는 이러한 결과를 기반으로 장기적인 효과가 있는 복리후생비의 중요성을 제시하고, 공공의료기관의 경영성과에 영향을 미치는 인건비와 복리후생비의 특성 파악을 통하여 효과적인 인적자원관리방법을 위한 경영적 함의를 도출하였다는 점에서 의의가 있겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.58-68
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• 2014

Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as 'a father of landscape garden art.' He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the $18^{th}$ century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld's garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld's garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of $18^{th}$ century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in $19^{th}$ century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld's garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.135-156
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• 2016

Recently, as the importance of user-oriented archives management is becoming increasingly, government archives try to serve interactive services using social network service (SNS) beyond one-way approaches. This study aims to analyze usage of government archives service in social media and examine users' interestedness. We especially select "National Archives of Korea" and "Presidential Archives" as target government archives and collect tweets from 2010 to 15th April 2016. Our study adopts informetric approaches and social media analysis including buzz analysis, time series analysis. We differentiate between the tweet collection posted by government archives themselves and the other collection generated by general users. Furthermore we conduct correlation analysis of tweet and social issues and propose application plan for government archives services in social media environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.69-81
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• 2014

Herman $F{\ddot{u}}rst\;P{\ddot{u}}ckler-Muskau$ is one of important figures in German landscape architecture who designed both Muskau Park and Branitz Park and published garden book Andeutungen ${\ddot{u}}ber$ Landschaftgartenerei (Hints on Landscape Gardening) in 1834. He was a German nobleman who governed Muskau estates while working as both a writer and a landscape gardener. German landscape gardening was grounded on Romanticism, which was represented in diverse ways such as the reconciliation between man and nature, the liberation of reason, and the pursuit of liberty. The intellectuals came to have an interest on landscape gardening since the garden carried the cultural connotation such as the idealized epitome of nature. This study is to investigate how his idea of landscape gardening had been developed through his personal life and social background and to find out his landscape gardening theory and its unique gardening techniques. Finally, the inventive aspect of his garden theory and contemporary significances in practices were discussed. $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ personal experience and social background provide us to understand the idea of garden. First, there was a mixture between reality and fantasy in his garden theory. It was due to the influence of Romanticism and literary garden. Second, his gardening mentality and technique were influenced by the late 18th century English garden practices, which emphasized the expressive aspects. Third, $P{\ddot{u}}cklers^{\prime}$ inner disposition and personal experience were represented in his garden design. Fourth, the intention of creating landscape garden for the local people might be a self realization of his contradictory characters between falling nobleman and liberal social leader. The significant value of $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ garden idea might be closely related in the dual nature of humanistic garden tradition and garden practice for social agenda. Therefore, his garden idea pursued of the comprehensive landscape strategies toward ideal communities and ethical spirits while concerning ecological, social, economic sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, his landscape gardening aims at the total landscape encompassing garden to region as well as the Gesamtkunst combing the beautiful with the useful. $P{\ddot{u}}ckler^{\prime}s$ holistic attitude gives us fresh insights and new directions to contemporary landscape theory and practice.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.203-221
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• 2017

This study is to suggest some improvement directions of the criteria for the management evaluation in order to contribute to the achievement of lasting value of the continuous development and publicity in regard to the public library means-efficiency. To this end, This study analyzed the means-efficiency evaluation criteria via theoretical review on business analysis of private enterprise and the analysis framework based on it. The improvement of evaluation criteria in regard to efficiency for the continuous development of public library are as follows. 1) Regardless of domestic and foreign, an efficiency index in the performance evaluation index of public library is absolutely insufficient. The sufficient indexes measuring efficiency which is appropriate for the concept of performance should be developed. 2) A flow data representing input and performance in certain time period is insufficient. Therefore, evaluation index consisted of flow data should be more developed. 3) Long term stock data is excluded in the term cost as it is the cost used for the long term such as fixed assets. However, it is useful as input data, which is realized through the perfect accounting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.47-58
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• 2016

In modern era Busan, newspaper articles about cherry blossom attractions from FuzanNippo and ChosenJiho have changed from places of landmark cherry trees to recreational activities under the cherry blossom. This means that the place characteristics of the cherry blossom attractions helped transform modern Busan. This study is to clarify the real image of the cherry blossom attractions where they were and when it was established in modern Busan. In order to discuss the location characteristics and the timing of identification as it changed from cherry-blossom viewing spots to picnic spots under the cherry blossom, current articles published in the FuzanNippo and ChosenJiho were collected. This study results are as follows: First of all, cherry blossom attractions are located in private gardens, gardens at hot spring inns, public lands such as schools, temples, reservoirs and malls such as Dongnae hot spring and the Midoricho red-light district. The location feature was that they were found at the edges of settlement environments, at the interface of city and natural spaces in modern Busan. Secondly, newspaper articles about cherry blossom attractions gradually changed from cherry blossom viewing spots to picnic spots under the cherry blossom, which became the peak of the cherry blossom attractions in modern Busan. The main focus of cherry blossom attractions changed from cherry-blossom viewing to picnicking under cherry blossoms around 1920. This means that the establishment of cherry blossom attractions can be seen around 1920. Articles of cherry-blossom viewing picked up sites not easy to access such as private gardens and reservoirs, articles about picnic spots under cherry blossoms noted public places that everyone could access. Cherry blossom attractions sites became spring resorts in modern Busan.