• Food Industry
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• s.2
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• pp.2-5
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• 1971

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.51-62
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• 1982

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.49-62
• /
• 1983

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
• /
• v.26 no.12 s.302
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• pp.115-118
• /
• 1994

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.150-152
• /
• 2010

• Monthly Korean Chicken
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.94-101
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• 2013

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2021

A total of 106 samples (nuts, nut products, oilseeds, oilseed products, seed for beverage products) were simultaneously analyzed with LC/MS/MS method. The tested mycotoxins were aflatoxin (B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂), ochratoxin A, fumonisin (B₁, B₂), and zearalenone. Mycotoxins were detected in 37 of 106 samples (35%), and two or more mycotoxins were simultaneously detected in 9 of 106 samples (8.5%). Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin and zearalenone were detected at the range of 0.08-1.45 ㎍/kg, 17.29 ㎍/kg, 1.16-14.89 ㎍/kg and 0.12-12.69 ㎍/kg, respectively. The results revealed that the most frequently detected mycotoxin was zearalenone (23%), followed by aflatoxin (13%), fumonisin (8%) and ochratoxin A (1%). Detection rates of nuts and oilseeds were 35% and 33%, respectively, and detection rates of their processed foods were 44% and 46%, respectively. The detection rate of mycotoxins was 10% higher in processed foods than in nuts and oilseeds. Mycotoxins are physicochemically stable and can persist during food processing and cooking, making management of mycotoxins in raw materials a concern of high importance.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2020

This study was conducted to survey levels of heavy metals, benzopyrene and mycotoxins in teas purchased from online markets, supermarkets, and traditional markets in Gwangju, Korea. We examined the arsenic, cadmium and lead content in heavy metals. We also tested for benzo(a)pyrene, which is classified as a carcinogen. In addition, we tested for the mycotoxins aflatoxin (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin (FUB₁, FUB₂), and zearalenone (ZON). According to our results, heavy metals were detected within the allowable range (below 5.0 mg/kg for lead) and all samples met with the standards for tea as presented in the Korean Food Code. The Benzo(a)pyrene showed a detection rate of 12.8% in 16 of 125 samples and mycotoxins showed 23.2% in 29 of 125 samples. However, safe levels regarding benzo(a)pyrene and mycotoxin in tea were not ascertainable since the standards are not set in the Korean Food Code.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2009

Aflatoxin (AF) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are carcinogenic and possible carcinogenic mycotoxins respectively produced by Aspergillus spp or Penicillium spp. The study for contamination survey and proposal for reduction of mycotoxin in red pepper were carried out. 192 samples were collected at such various stages and markets as pre/post-harvest stages, internet shopping mall /super-market and small stakeholder mill/geographically indicated company. As only 2 samples were positive for aflatoxin, so contamination rate was 1.04%. In the meanwhile, contamination rate for ochratoxin A was 21.88% and a various amount of OTA was detected in 42 positive samples. 6 samples were found to be contaminated at higher level than $5\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$ for ochratoxin A, which was established recently as a maximum permissible limit in korea. There was no difference in degree of contamination with regard to cultivation type because any mycotoxin was not found at all in both organically and conventionally grown red pepper. But, there was statistically significant difference in the process of manufacturing. Finished products were OTA-contaminated at a level of $2.32\;{\pm}\;6.54\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD), even though OTA was not detected in deep frozen red peppers right after long term storage. And contamination for OTA was a level of $0.33\;{\pm}\;0.91\;{\mu}gkg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD) in red paprika powder after uv sterilization, while the contamination for OTA was $2.78\;{\pm}\;4.49\;{\mu}kg^{-1}$(mean ${\pm}$ SD) in non-uv sterilized powder. In addition, our investigation shows that higher OTA contamination occurred in some of famous brand products sold in super-market and domestic products than products collected through on-line shopping or from small stakeholder mills and imported products respectively, however, difference was not statistically significant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2021

For this study, we surveyed concentrations of 8 mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, B2 and zearalenone) in agricultural products used for food and medicine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and conducted a risk assessment. Samples were collected at the Yangnyeong Market in Seoul, Korea, between January and November 2019. Mycotoxins were extracted from these samples by adding 0.1% formic acid in 50% acetonitrile and cleaned up by using an ISOLUTE Myco cartridge. The method was validated by assessing its matrix effects, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and precision using four representative matrices. Matrix-matched standard calibration was used for quantification and the calibration curves of all analytes showed good linearity (r2>0.9999). LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.02-0.11 ㎍/kg and 0.06-0.26 ㎍/kg, respectively. Sample recoveries were from 81.2 to 118.7% and relative standard deviations lower than 8.90%. The method developed in this study was applied to analyze a total of 187 samples, and aflatoxin B1 was detected at the range of 1.18-7.29 ㎍/kg (below the maximum allowable limit set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, MFDS), whereas aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 were not detected. Mycotoxins that are not regulated presently in Korea were also detected: fumonisin (0.84-14.25 ㎍/kg), ochratoxin A (0.76-17.42 ㎍/kg), and zearalenone (1.73-15.96 ㎍/kg). Risk assessment was evaluated by using estimated daily intake (EDI) and specific guideline values. These results indicate that the overall exposure level of Koreans to mycotoxins due to the intake of agricultural products used for food and medicine is unlikely to be a major risk factor for their health.