Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2021.36.1.24

Determination of Mycotoxins in Agricultural Products Used for Food and Medicine Using Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and Their Risk Assessment  

Choi, Su-Jeong (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Ko, Suk-Kyung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Park, Young-Ae (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Jung, Sam-Ju (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Choi, Eun-Jung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Kim, Hee-sun (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Kim, Eun-Jung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Hwang, In-Sook (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Shin, Gi-Young (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Yu, In-Sil (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Shin, Yong-Seung (Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment)
Publication Information
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety / v.36, no.1, 2021 , pp. 24-33 More about this Journal
Abstract
For this study, we surveyed concentrations of 8 mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, B2 and zearalenone) in agricultural products used for food and medicine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and conducted a risk assessment. Samples were collected at the Yangnyeong Market in Seoul, Korea, between January and November 2019. Mycotoxins were extracted from these samples by adding 0.1% formic acid in 50% acetonitrile and cleaned up by using an ISOLUTE Myco cartridge. The method was validated by assessing its matrix effects, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and precision using four representative matrices. Matrix-matched standard calibration was used for quantification and the calibration curves of all analytes showed good linearity (r2>0.9999). LODs and LOQs were in the range of 0.02-0.11 ㎍/kg and 0.06-0.26 ㎍/kg, respectively. Sample recoveries were from 81.2 to 118.7% and relative standard deviations lower than 8.90%. The method developed in this study was applied to analyze a total of 187 samples, and aflatoxin B1 was detected at the range of 1.18-7.29 ㎍/kg (below the maximum allowable limit set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, MFDS), whereas aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2 were not detected. Mycotoxins that are not regulated presently in Korea were also detected: fumonisin (0.84-14.25 ㎍/kg), ochratoxin A (0.76-17.42 ㎍/kg), and zearalenone (1.73-15.96 ㎍/kg). Risk assessment was evaluated by using estimated daily intake (EDI) and specific guideline values. These results indicate that the overall exposure level of Koreans to mycotoxins due to the intake of agricultural products used for food and medicine is unlikely to be a major risk factor for their health.
Keywords
Agricultural products used for food and medicine; Mycotoxins; Risk assessment;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2019. Korean Food Code, Cheongju, Korea.
2 Song, V.K., Control system of herbal medicine in shared use for food and medicine purpose. Korea Food & Drug Administration (2006).
3 Santos, L., Marin, S., Sanchis, V., Ramos, A.J., Screening of mycotoxin multicontamination in medicinal and aromatic herbs sampled in Spain. J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 1802-1807 (2009).   DOI
4 Han, Z., Ren, Y., Zhu, J., Cai, Z., Chen, Y., Luan, L., Wu, Y., Multi analysis of 35 mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry coupled with accelerated solvent extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 8233-8247 (2012).   DOI
5 World Health Organization, 1993. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Some naturally occurring substances, food items and constituents, hetrocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Lyon, France, 5, pp 245-395.
6 Chung, D.H., Application of analytical method for detection of mycotoxins in herbal medicines. Korea Food & Drug Administration (2008).
7 Milicevic, D.R., Skrinjar, M., Baltic, T., Real and perceived risks for mycotoxin contamination in foods and feeds: challenges for food safety control. Toxins, 2, 572-592 (2010).   DOI
8 Han, Z., Ren, Y.P., Zhu, J.F., Cai, Z.X., Chen, Y., Luan, L.J., Wu, Y.J., Multianalysis of 35 mycotoxins in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with accelerated solvent extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 8233-8247 (2012).   DOI
9 Zhang, L., Dou, X.W., Zhang, C., Logrieco, A.F., Yang, M.H., A review of current methods for analysis of mycotoxins in herbal medicines. Toxins, 10, 65 (2018).   DOI
10 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), 2001. Manual on the Application of the HACCP System in Mycotoxin Prevention and Control, 73, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, Rome.
11 European Commission, (2020, November 10). Commission Regulation No 466/2001, Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/fcr/fcr02_en.pdf
12 Liu, Q., Kong, W., Guo, W., Yang, M., Multi-class mycotoxins analysis in Angelica sinensis by ultra fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 988, 175-181 (2015).   DOI
13 Yang, Y., Li, G., Wu, D., Liu, J., Li, X., Luo, P., Hu, N., Wang, H., Wu, Y, Recent advances on toxicity and determination methods of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 96, 233-252 (2020).   DOI
14 Miro-Abella, E., Herrero, P., Canela, N., Arola, L., Borrull, F., Ras, R., Fontanals, N., Determination of mycotoxins in plant-based beverages using QuEChERS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 229, 366- 372 (2017).   DOI
15 Cho, H.D., Suh, J.H., Feng, S., Eom, T., Kim, J., Hyun, S.M., Kim, J., Wang, Y., Han, S.B., Comprehensive analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in twenty different species of functional and medicinal herbs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control, 96, 517-526 (2019).   DOI
16 Kunz, B.M., Wanko, F., Kemmlein, S., Bahlmann, A., Rohn, S., Maul, R., Development of a rapid multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS stable isotope dilution analysis for grain legumes and its application on 66 market samples. Food Control, 109, 106949 (2020).   DOI
17 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2018. KFDA,s Notification NO. 2018-54, Cheongju, Korea
18 Flores-Flores, M.E., Gonzalez-Penas, E., An LC-MS/MS method for multi-mycotoxin quantification in cow milk. Food Chem., 218, 378-385 (2017).   DOI
19 Hu, Q., Liu, S., Chen, X., Xu, J., Zhu, F., Ouyang, G., Enhancing enrichment ability of a nanoporous carbon based solid-phase microextraction device by a morphological modulation strategy. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1047, 1-8 (2019).   DOI
20 Li, M., Kong, W., Li, Y., Liu, H., Liu, Q., Dou, X., Ou-Yang, Z., Yang, M., High-throughput determination of multi-mycotoxins in Chinese yam and related products by ultra fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry after one-step extraction. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 1022, 118-125 (2016).   DOI
21 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs.
22 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2020, November 10). Retrieved from https://www.mfds.go.kr/brd/m_511/view.do?seq=32616&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1
23 Wei, R., Qiu, F., Kong, W., Wei, J., Yang, M., Luo, Z., Qin, J., Ma, X., Co-occurrence of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A in Glycyrrhiza uralensis analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control, 32, 216-221 (2013).   DOI
24 Frisvad, J.C., Hubka, V., Ezekiel, C.N., Hong, S.B., Novakova, A., Chen, A.J., Arzanlou, M., Larsen, T.O., Sklenar, F., Mahakarnchanakul, W., Samson, R.A., Houbraken, J., Taxonomy of Aspergillus section Flavi and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Stud. Mycol., 93, 1-63 (2019).   DOI
25 World Health Organization, (2021, February 4). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemical substances. IPCS, Environmental Health Criteria 240. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44065/WHO_EHC_240_eng.pdf
26 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2016. Risk assessment of mycotoxins, Cheongju, Korea.
27 Park, S.Y., Moon, H.J., Cho, S.Y., Lee, J.G., Lee, H.M., Song, J.Y., Cho, O.S., Cho, D.H., Monitoring of aflatoxins on commercial herbal medicines. J. Food Hyg. Saf., 26, 315-321 (2011).
28 European Union, (2020, November 10). Commission Regulation No 401/2006, Laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R0401
29 Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2003. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food Nutr. (FNP) 81 (Rome: Paper FAO of the United Nations).
30 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2009. The dispensatory on the visual and organoleptic examination of commercial herbs for food and medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
31 Vidal, J.C., Bonel, L., Ezquerra, A., Duato, P., Castillo, J.R., An electrochemical immunosensor for ochratoxin A determination in wines based on a monoclonal antibody and paramagnetic microbeads. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 403, 1585-1593 (2012).   DOI
32 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2020. Korean Food Code, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 39-41.
33 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2018. KFDA,s Notification NO. 2018-74, Cheongju, Korea
34 Omurtag, G.Z., Yazicioglu, D., Occurrence of T-2 toxin in processed cereals and pulses in Turkey determined by HPLC and TLC. Food Addit. Contam., 18, 844-849 (2001).   DOI
35 Valle-Algarra, F.M., Medina, A., Gimeno-Adelantado, J.V., Llorens, A., Jimenez, M., Mateo, R., Comparative assessment of solidphase extraction clean-up procedures, GC columns and perfluoroacylation reagents for determination of type B trichothecenes in wheat by GC-ECD. Talanta, 66, 194-201 (2005).   DOI
36 Solfrizzo, M., Panzarini, G., Visconti, A., Determination of ochratoxin A in grapes, dried vine fruits, and winery by products by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection (HPLC-FLD) and immunoaffinity cleanup. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 11081-11086 (2008).   DOI
37 Liu, G., Zhu, Z., Cheng, J., Senyuva, H.Z., Immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography using postcolumn bromination for the determination of aflatoxins in black and white sesame seed: single-laboratory validation. J. AOAC Int., 95, 122-128 (2012).   DOI
38 National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 2011. Guidance for risk assessment. Seoul, Korea.
39 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2016. Guidelines on standard procedures for preparing analysis method, Cheongju, Korea.
40 CODEX Alimentarius Commission, 2003. Guidelines on good laboratory practice in residue analysis, CAC/GL 40-1993. CAC, Rome, Italy.
41 National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, (2020, November 10). National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, http://www.nifds.go.kr/brd/m_15/view.do?seq=12441&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=%ED%95%9C%EC%95%BD%26%2340%EC%83%9D%EC%95%BD%26%2341%EC%9D%98&srchTp=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=1=
42 KOSIS, (2020, November 10). Korean statistical information service. Retrieved from https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=350&tblId=DT_35007_N132&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=350_35007_A007&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=MT_ZTITLE
43 Panuwet, P., Hunter, R.E. Jr., D'Souza, P.E., Chen, X., Radford, S.A., Cohen, J.R., Marder, M.E., Kartavenka, K., Ryan, P.B., Barr, D.B., Biological matrix effects in quantitative tandem mass spectrometry-based analytical methods: Advancing biomonitoring. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 46, 93-105 (2016).   DOI
44 Sulyok, M., Krska, R., Schuhmacher, R., Application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method to multi-mycotoxin determination in raw cereals and evaluation of matrix effect. Food Addit. Contam., 24, 1184-1195 (2007).   DOI
45 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2016. The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Cheongju, Korea.
46 Ashiq, S., Hussain, M., Ahmad, B., Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review. Fungal Genet. Biol., 66, 1-10 (2014).   DOI
47 Falzon, C.C., Balabanova, A., Phytotherapy: an introduction to herbal medicine. Prim. Care, 44, 217-227 (2017).   DOI
48 Kim, J.Y., Development and industrialization of functional bioactive material from the medicinal plant. Food Ind. Nutr., 18, 1-6 (2013).
49 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 2019. The Korean Pharmacopoeia, Cheongju, Korea.