• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2002

The vertebrae of female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) of twenty-eight years old were observed macroscopically. The result was summarized as follows; the vertebral formula of African elephant was $C_7$ $T_{21}$ $L_3$ $S_4$ $Cd_{21}$. The total length of the vertebral column removed intervertebreal disks was 353 cm. The length of each segment of vertebral column was 44 cm in cervical, 142 cm in thoracic, 21 cm in lumbar, 27 cm in sacral and 119 cm in caudal vertebrae. The 17th and 18th thoracic vertebrae (T) were partially fused each other in four parts: the transverse processes of 17th and 18th T, caudal articular process of 17th T and cranial articular process of 18th T, left mammilary process of 18th T and left transverse process of 17th T, and vertebral arch of 17th and 18th T, respectively. Others partial fusions also observed among the third luwbar, sacrum and ilium. These were in between transverse process of third lumbar vertebra and cranial parts of wing of sacrum, lateral part of sacrum and tuber sacrale, respectively. The sternum was consisted of three pieces; one is a part of anterior prestemum, two is the part from caudal demifacet at second facet to cranial demifacet at third facet in middle mesosternum, which is divided vertically into an half at second and third facets, respectively, and the last is the part between caudal demifacet of third facet in middle mesosternum and the posterior xiphisternum. There are 21 pairs of ribs, six sternal, ten asternal ribs and the last five being floating ribs.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate if the Ilizarov external fixation procedure with axial compression can help to obtain fusion across the ankle joint in patients with a high risk of nonunion. Materials and Methods: From January 2006 to December 2015, the study reviewed 17 patients who underwent ankle arthropathy with a high risk of nonunion and who underwent ankle fusion using the Ilizarov external fixator with axial compression and auto bone grafting. After the lateral surface of the ankle joint was exposed through a lateral trans-fibular approach, massive removal of the articular cartilage and excision of any loose or avascular bone were done. With the cortical bone harvested from the pelvis as corticocancellous bone blocks, we inserted the two cortical blocks longitudinally into the anterior and posterior part of the free ankle space from lateral to medial to make the rectangular chamber to fill the cancellous bones. After the Ilizarov external fixator was equipped, we tightened the frame by 5 mm to compress the bone graft space. We accessed the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) AnkleHindfoot score both preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: The average age at the time of operation was 63.4 years (range, 47~78 years). The mean frame time was 17.4 weeks (range, 15~23 weeks). The average follow-up period was 3.7 years (range, 2~6 years). Osseous fusion was obtained in 15 patients (88.2%). There were two stable pseudarthroses among the rheumatoid arthritis patients, and we continued their follow-up. The mean AOFAS AnkleHindfoot score improved from 48.5 to 73.7 points. Conclusion: Ankle arthrodesis using the Ilizarov external fixation with axial compression and auto bone grafting on the ankle arthropathy that had difficult conditions to achieve union is considered one of the useful methods with a correspondingly low incidence of complications.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the clinical results of the treatment of type 2 distal clavicle fracture with using a Wolter plate. Materials and Methods: Between 2004 and 2007, 16 patient treated for type 2 distal clavicle fracture using a Wolter plate were included in this study. Their average age was 32.6 years and the postoperative mean follow-up period was 22.9 months. The reduction and union were qualified according to the immediate post-operative and final radiographs. The functional outcome was evaluated by Kona's system and the Constant score Results: By Kona's functional evaluation, there were 12 cases with excellent results, 3 cases with good results and 1 case of fair results and the average Constant score was 90. All 16 cases showed bony union. As complications, there was 1 case in which the protruded hook of the plate could be palpated at the skin, and 1 case showed an acromial fracture, but all the cases dispalyed successful bony union and there was no acromioclavicular joint arthritis, infection or any other complications. Conclusion: Wolter plate fixation for type 2 distal clavicle fracture is a reliable surgical method for satisfactory reduction and rigid fixation, a lower incidence of nonunion and excellent clinical result.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2023

Two specimens of Polymetme elongata (Phosichthyidae; Polymetme) were collected by a bottom trawl from both the southern coastal waters of Jejudo Island in October 2016 (70.65 mm SL) and Yellow Sea, Korea in August 2022 (54.04 mm SL). They are an elongated body with large mouth, 11 dorsal fin rays, 10 pectoral fin rays, 7 pelvic fin rays, 30~32 anal fin rays, 1 adipose fin, 18 gill rakers, 44 vertebrae, 1 preorbital photophore, 1~2 ventrolateral rows of photophores on body, 1 paired photophores in symphysis of lower jaw, 9 branchiostegal rays, 2 rows of 8 phorophores between pelvic fin origin and anal fin origin, and 1 row of 23 photophores thereafter. At the origin of anal fin, the second photophore is more higher than third photophore and the first photophore is most lowest. Our specimens differ from the other species of the same genus by the ratio of the head length to the standard length (1/5) and the gill rakers (18), absolutely. As this species is the first record of the family Phosichthyidae, genus Polymetme, and P. elongata in Korean waters, we suggest their new Korean names, "Gin-ael-tung-i-gwa", "Gin-ael-tung-i-sog", and "Gin-ael-tung-i", respectively.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.131-136
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• 2023

Purpose: This study compared the clinical and radiology results of arthrodesis between the anterior and transfibular approaches with a lateral malleolar-saving procedure in ankle arthritis. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective study of 31 cases who underwent ankle arthrodesis with the anterior approach (14 cases) and trans-fibular approach (17 cases). The remnant lateral malleolus was fixed during the trans-fibular procedure. The patients included 17 females and 14 males with a mean age of 57.2 (range 41~73) years; the mean follow-up was 30.4 (range 15~68) months. The clinical and radiology outcomes, including the American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, visual analog scale (VAS), and union time, were recorded. The complications and subjective satisfaction degrees were also recorded and compared between the two groups. Results: Clinically, the preoperative mean AOFAS score and VAS in the anterior approach group were 39.3 and 7.4, respectively, which changed to 61.9 and 3.1 postoperatively. In the trans-fibular approach group, the mean AOFAS score and VAS increased from 36.6 to 64.2 and 7.1 to 2.4, respectively. On the other hand, no significant differences in the clinical results were observed between the two groups. The time to achieve union was 9.2 and 11.6 weeks in the anterior and transfibular approach groups, respectively. Three patients (21%) complained of tenderness and discomfort around the fibular tip in the anterior approach group, and seven patients (41%) showed a gap between the talus and remnant lateral malleolus in the trans-fibular approach group. Conclusion: There was no difference in the clinical and radiological results between the anterior and transfibular approaches with a lateral malleolar saving procedure in ankle arthrodesis. Careful selection of the approach method according to the patient's preoperative condition is needed to prevent remnant discomfort or nonunion around the lateral malleolus.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of arthroscopic Bony Bankart repair using a One Anchor Double Fixation Technique. Materials and Method: Seventeen patients with a Bony Bankart lesion were treated using the One Anchor Double Fixation Technique (OADF Technique). There were 13 males and 4 females. The average age was 24 years (range 17-42). The average follow-up period was 22.3 months. One 3.0 mm suture anchor with doubly loaded sutures was inserted into the glenoid rim. One suture strand was passed the around the small bony fragment and tied first. Another suture strand was passed through the capsule and tied over the bony fragment. The result was measured using Rowe's evaluation index & KSS score. The glenoid defect & bony fragment were measured by 3D-CT scan. Results: Rowe's evaluation index on the final follow-up showed an overall improvement from an average of 54 (range, 23-71) to 83.4 (range 71-90). Of the 17 cases, 13 were excellent, 3 were good, and 1 was fair. KSS scores showed improvement from an average of 71 (range 49-82) to 92.5 (range 82-94). There were no cases where pain continued to the final follow-up, and no cases being re-dislocated during the follow-up period. For six cases, we confirmed the bony healing of the bony Bankart lesion by CT. Conclusion: Bony Bankart lesion repair using this new method achieves excellent clinical results with low recurrence rates and is considered another choice for bony Bankart lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the results of subtalar arthroscopy and to define the indications for the procedure. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients were followed up for more than 1 year after subtalar arthroscopy. The mean age was 40 years, and the mean follow-up period was 18 months. Preoperative diagnoses included sinus tarsi syndrome in 19 cases, degenerative arthritis in 13 cases, calcaneal fracture in 10 cases, arthrofibrosis in 5 cases, os trigonum syndrome in 3 cases, talar fracture in 3 cases, talocalcaneal coalition in 3 cases and calcaneal tumor in 1 case. Clinically AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale and satisfaction of the patients were evaluated. Results: There were 23 synovectomies, 13 subtalar fusions, 11 diagnostic arthroscopies, 5 adhesiolyses, 4 loose body removals, 3 excisions of os trigonum and 1 arthroscopic reduction of fracture. Twenty-five ankle arthroscopies and 11 modified Brostrom's operations were performed for the accompaning 17 ankle impingment syndromes, 11 chronic ankle instabilities and 7 osteochondral lesions of talus. AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale was increased from 33 points preoperatively to 77 points postoperatively in subtalar fusion group, and was increased from 69 points preoperatively to 89 points postoperatively in other-than-fusion group. Ninety one percent of patients were satisfied with the procedures. There were no serious complications related to the subtalar arthroscopy. Conclusion: Subtalar arthroscopy appears to be safe and highly accurate procedure for subtalar pathology, although it requires technical expertise.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes and the prognosis of various surgical treatments for the distal clavicle fracture with an acromioclavicular joint injury. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 21 patients with a minimum of 12 months follow up was done. We classified acromioclavicular (AC) injury into type I (only intra-articular fracture (IAF), 5 cases), type II (IAF with widening of the AC joint > 7 mm, 9 cases) and type III (IAF with AC joint superior subluxation > 50%, 7 cases). The distal clavicle fractures were fixed using plate (9 cases), mini screws (1 case), K wire and tension band wiring (10 cases) and transarticular pinning (1 case). Acromioclavicular or coracoacromial ligament reconstruction was not done in all the cases. Results: In 20 of 21 cases, bone union was achieved at an average of 8.4 weeks. Traumatic arthritis (5 cases), AC joint widening (4 cases) and AC joint subluxation (2 cases) were noted at the last follow up. The average UCLA score was 32.6 in the type I AC joint injuries, 34 in type II and 34.1 in type III. There was no relationship between the clinical outcomes and the preoperative AC joint injury pattern, postoperative traumatic arthritis, AC joint widening or AC joint subluxation (p>0.05). Conclusion: Satisfactory results were achieved by acute reduction and firm fixation of the distal clavicle fracture with AC joint injury. There was no relationship between the pattern of AC joint injury, the residual radiologic findings and the functional outcome.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examined the radiological and clinical outcomes of internal fixation using a reconstruction plate and 21G circumferential wire in comminuted midshaft clavicular fractures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed on 51 patients between 2005 and 2019. Thirty-two patients underwent internal fixation with a reconstruction plate and a 21G circumferential wire with minimal soft tissue detachment, and 19 patients underwent surgery without a wire. The patients were assessed with the radiographic parameters, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. Based on this, patients who operated without a circumferential wire were set as the control group, and the differences in bone union between the two groups were compared. Results: Thirty-two patients were followed-up for an average of 65 weeks, and 19 patients in the control group were followed-up for an average of 56 weeks. The radiological evaluation confirmed the anatomical reduction and bone union in all 32 patients. No case of nonunion was present. The UCLA score was 32.38 on average and 33.11 in the control group (p=0.395). The VAS score was 1.00 on average and 0.84 in the control group (p=0.668). A significant difference in the bony union time was observed between the group who underwent internal fixation with a reconstruction plate and a 21G circumferential wire with minimal soft tissue detachment, and the control group (p=0.015). On the other hand, there was no statistical significance when other variables were controlled (p=0.107). Conclusion: For displaced midshaft clavicular fractures, internal fixation using a reconstruction plate and 21G circumferential wire maintained accurate anatomical reduction. The satisfactory clinical and radiological results mean that internal fixation using a reconstruction plate and 21G circumferential wire may be a good option for surgical treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate tire effects of modified triple pelvic osteotomy(TPO). The procedures of modified TPO were composed of two iliac osteotomies and a pubic symphysiotomy at a tittle. Medical records of modified TPO treatment on 36 dogs and of unilateral TPO on 7 dogs were reviewed on the basis of signalment, body weight, operation time, Healing time of osteotomy sites and complications from October 2002 to September 2004. The values of clinical status and hip dysplasia, Norberg angle, percentage of femoral head coverage and pelvic diameter from radiographs taken preoperative, immediately postoperative, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after operation, respectively, were measured. In .unilateral TPO, the dogs could start standing without assistance from $3.0\pm1.0days$ and walking from $8.3\pm0.6days$ (n=3). Mean clinical grade before and 24 weeks after surgery were $2.2\pm0.42$(n=6) and $3.5\pm0.7$ (n=2), respectively. Mean operation time was $107.3\pm38.9$ minutes (n=4). In modified TPO, the dogs were seen to staff standing without assistance from $4.9\pm3.7$ days and walking from $7.3\pm4.8days$ (n=25). Mean clinical grade before surgery and 24 weeks after surgery were $2.3\pm1.5$ (n=27) and $3.2\pm0.7$)(n=9), respectively. Postoperative clinical grade significantly improved against preoperative clinical grade (P<0.01). Mean operation time was $143\pm42.8$ minutes (n=24). This was shorter than time f3r twice unilateral TPO. By comparison with preoperative values, postoperative mean radiographic grade, percentage of femoral head coverage and Norberg angle measured at the recheck time point significantly increased (P<0.01). Mean postoperative pelvic diameter was significantly larger than preoperative pelvic diameter in modified TPO (P<0.01) but not in unilateral TPO. These results indicated that modified TPO was effective technique for the treatment of hip dysplasia in dogs.