• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2004

There is a large number of old athletes participating golf, and the shoulder, especially the nondominant or lead arm, appears to be at greatest risk for golf-related injury during extremes of motion. To reduce and prevent the risk of injury and improve the performance of golf, golfer should understand the biomechanics of the golf swing, increase flexibility, and perform stretching and strengthening exercises regularly .

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.66-69
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• 2004

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.956-963
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of iron shot practice volume based on golf skill level on the indices of muscle damage and fatigue in blood. Twenty four golf players were studied under conditions of different golf skill level (beginners, intermediate, expert) and practice volume (100, 200, 300balls). In this study blood CK and LDH were determined to show the level of muscle damage, and blood phosphorus, lactate, and ammonia were measured to see the level of fatigue. Blood creatinine, and IGF- I generally used to see the rate of protein synthesis were also measured. In summary, these results are interpreted to mean that 1) blood fatigue factors, muscle damages, and creatinine levels increased due to a rise in the practice volume of iron shot, 2) those levels decreased due to rise in the golf skill level, 3) blood fators and creatinine recovered quickly after exercise, however muscle damages did not recover even after 24hr, Therefore, both golf skill lev-el and practice volume should be considered to prevent muscle damage and fatigue during practice iron shot.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-121
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• 2007

It has been reported that there are many cases of chronic shoulder injuries of golf players, however acute injuries at dominant tide are relatively rare. In this paper, we show a case of acute rotator cuff tears at dominant side due to bad swing in middle-aged woman. We suggest that golfers should be cautious with playing at winter to prevent acute rotator cuff tears by starting with a warm-up and correcting faulty swings.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2008

Purpose: In most cases, the main cause of chest or back pain during playing golf is rib fractures. This kind of rib fractures can be easily overlooked in plain radiographs. The purpose of this article is to clarify the value of the ultrasound in detecting rib fractures. Materials and Methods: We compared the findings of chest-X rays (anteroposterior, left or right lateral, both oblique view) with those of the ultrasound in 56 patients between the ages of 20th & 60th who were diagnosed rib fractures. Their chief complaints were chest or back pain which developed during playing golf. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: Among 56 cases of rib fractures, 34 cases were diagnosed with initial X-rays. 51 cases were diagnosed with ultrasound. The sensitivity of radiograph and ultrasound were 60.71% & 91.07%, respectively. Dignosis was ultrasound with statical significance whereas radiography did not(p=0.0004). Conclusion: It was concluded that ultrasound is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of the rib fractures which were undetected with X-rays during playing golf.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

Golf has become an increasingly a popular sports for young and older ages. It has benefits of walking exercise and enjoyment of sports . However, golf is considered to be a moderate risk activity for sports injury due to traumatic origin and overuse. Golf injuries primarily affect the dorsolumbar sites , upper extremity(elbow, shoulder, wrist) and lower extremity (knee, hip, ankle). Ajustment of golf swing and conditioning programmes for preventing injuries which include muscular strengthening, flexibility and a short pregame warm up help to reduce the incidence of injury.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to describe the correlation between the activity of the muscles of upper and lower limbs of a golf driver swing according to shoulder injury. Method : The subjects were 18 professional golfers (7 male in KPGA and 11 female in KLPGA). Using surface electromyography, we evaluated muscle activities during the golf drive swing. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the left Deltoid(MD), Triceps Brachii(TB), Pectoralis(PM), Trapezius(UT), Rectus Femoris(RF), Vastus Medialis Obilique(VMO), Biceps Femoris(BF), Gastrocnemius(GCM) muscles during the golfer's swing. The golf swing was divided into five phases: take away, forward swing, acceleration, early follow through, late follow through. Results : The results can be summarized as follows: MD, VMO had statistically significant difference in take away phases, GCM had statistically significant difference in acceleration phases, MD, PM, VMO had statistically significant difference in early follow through phases, PM had statistically significant difference in late follow through phases, Conclusion : Muscle activity of the 8 muscles(Deltoid, Triceps Brachii, Pectoralis, Trapezius, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis Obilique, Biceps Femoris, Gastrocnemius) along the shoulder damage or absence of has shown that they are organically connected to each of the phases.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.17-25
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know sports injury aspects and relationship between exercise stress, tension, exercise habits and sports injuries. Methods : We surveyed 42 professional golf players who attended Korea Tour during the second half of the year 2010 and have sports injuries with self - assessment questionnaires. Results : According to the types, they had myalgia, tendonitis, ligament sprain in the order. According to the body parts, they had injuries in right thoracic, left cervical, left shoulder region in the order. As a result of the analysis of the sports injury frequency according to the exercise stress and tension, there were no significant differences between the high and low level group. But result of injury regions showed high tension level group showed more damages in right thoracic region (p<0.05). Exercise habits appear subjects had lots of training time, however, they used to skip the muscular strengthening exercise during the on season, but had no significant difference between sports injury frequencies and exercise habit. Conclusion : For the improvement of the athletic performance and prevention of the sports injury, warming-up, cooling-down and muscular strengthening exercise program developments are needed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Traffic management is becoming an important issue in turfgrass practise on golf course. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined impact of different traffic times and types of fertilization. Traffic treatment was applied in morning (AM), noon, and afternoon (PM). Fertilizers used include faster-release fertilizer (21-17-17) and slow-release fertilizers (12-6-18, 11-3-22, 20-3-20, 10-3-10). Experiment was conducted from Oct. 1 to Nov. 30, 2005 on a nursery putting green of Incheon Grand Golf Club. The growth and quality of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis polustris cv. 'Seaside II') were evaluated on visual leaf color, leaf texture, shoot density, and root length. The measurement at 20 days after treatment, turfgrass color and leaf texture showed the best result on 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic plot. Turf quality and traffic tolerance were not different at Am and Pm traffic treatment. However, traffic stress in early morning and late evening caused the most severe damage to the turfgrass. Shoot density was the highest in 10-15-10 + Noon-traffic treatment but root length was not different among treatments after 30 day measurement. Among the fertilizers, slow release fertilizer resulted in higher turf quality and traffic tolerance than fast release fertilizer, however, shoot density did not showed a significantly different. For the fast recuperation of turfgrass from traffic injury in the early winter, it is recommended to avoid early morning and late evening traffic such as cup replacement and other maintenance practise. It is also recommended to delay the first tee-up time and ending early for last tee time during cold weather season.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.243-264
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• 2018

Although the worldwide battery market is recently spurring the development of lithium secondary battery, lead acid batteries (rechargeable batteries) which have good-performance and can be reused are consumed in a wide range of industry fields. However, lead-acid batteries have a serious problem in that deterioration of a battery makes progress quickly in the presence of that degradation of only one cell among several cells which is packed in a battery begins. To overcome this problem, previous researches have attempted to identify the mechanism of deterioration of a battery in many ways. However, most of previous researches have used data obtained in a laboratory to analyze the mechanism of deterioration of a battery but not used data obtained in a real world. The usage of real data can increase the feasibility and the applicability of the findings of a research. Therefore, this study aims to develop a model which predicts the battery deterioration using data obtained in real world. To this end, we collected data which presents change of battery state by attaching sensors enabling to monitor the battery condition in real time to dozens of golf carts operated in the real golf field. As a result, total 16,883 samples were obtained. And then, we developed a model which predicts a precursor phenomenon representing deterioration of a battery by analyzing the data collected from the sensors using machine learning techniques. As initial independent variables, we used 1) inbound time of a cart, 2) outbound time of a cart, 3) duration(from outbound time to charge time), 4) charge amount, 5) used amount, 6) charge efficiency, 7) lowest temperature of battery cell 1 to 6, 8) lowest voltage of battery cell 1 to 6, 9) highest voltage of battery cell 1 to 6, 10) voltage of battery cell 1 to 6 at the beginning of operation, 11) voltage of battery cell 1 to 6 at the end of charge, 12) used amount of battery cell 1 to 6 during operation, 13) used amount of battery during operation(Max-Min), 14) duration of battery use, and 15) highest current during operation. Since the values of the independent variables, lowest temperature of battery cell 1 to 6, lowest voltage of battery cell 1 to 6, highest voltage of battery cell 1 to 6, voltage of battery cell 1 to 6 at the beginning of operation, voltage of battery cell 1 to 6 at the end of charge, and used amount of battery cell 1 to 6 during operation are similar to that of each battery cell, we conducted principal component analysis using verimax orthogonal rotation in order to mitigate the multiple collinearity problem. According to the results, we made new variables by averaging the values of independent variables clustered together, and used them as final independent variables instead of origin variables, thereby reducing the dimension. We used decision tree, logistic regression, Bayesian network as algorithms for building prediction models. And also, we built prediction models using the bagging of each of them, the boosting of each of them, and RandomForest. Experimental results show that the prediction model using the bagging of decision tree yields the best accuracy of 89.3923%. This study has some limitations in that the additional variables which affect the deterioration of battery such as weather (temperature, humidity) and driving habits, did not considered, therefore, we would like to consider the them in the future research. However, the battery deterioration prediction model proposed in the present study is expected to enable effective and efficient management of battery used in the real filed by dramatically and to reduce the cost caused by not detecting battery deterioration accordingly.