• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2012

Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, and it is distinguished from Batter syndrome by hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. This disorder is caused by mutation in SLC12A3 gene which encodes thiazide-sensitive $Na^+-Cl^-$cotransporter (NCCT) which is expressed in the apical membrane of cells, lining distal convoluted tubule. A 8-year old boy who presented with Rolandic epilepsy, and horseshoe kidney accidentally showed clinical features of metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypocalciuria without hypomagnesemia. So we identified a heterozygote mutation and an abnormal splicing in the SLC12A3 gene, encoding NCCT. The mutation was detected in the exon 15 and 22 of SLC12A3 gene.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1140-1146
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• 2009

Purpose:The pathophysiology of magnesium, the second highest common compound in humans, is still unclear, especially in preterm babies. We accessed the association between total magnesium (tMg), ionized Mg (iMg), and gestational age (GA) and that between serum magnesium (sMg) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm babies. Methods:In all, 119 inborn preterm infants admitted between July 2006 and February 2008 were divided into the IVH group (19) and the control group (100) and were prospectively analyzed. TMg, iMg, pH, total calcium (tCa), and ionized Ca (iCa) levels were determined immediately after delivery or within 3 hours after birth, and their correlation with GA were investigated. Results:TMg was not correlated with GA, tCa, iCa, and pH. IMg was correlated with tMg (r=0.288, P=0.002) and iCa (r=0.212, P=0.021); however, it was not correlated with GA and pH. Mean GA and birth weight were significantly lower (P=0.002) and smaller (P=0.030) in the IVH group. Mean sMg was higher in the IVH group ($2.5{\pm}0.9mg/dL$) than in the control group ($2.1{\pm}0.6mg/dL$) (P=0.021). SMg was a risk factor even after logistic regression analysis (OR, 2.798; 95% C.I., 1.265-6.192; P=0.011). Conclusion:In less than 37-week-old preterm babies, tMg and iMg were similar, regardless of GA. High sMg may be a risk factor for IVH in premature babies, regardless of their exposure to antenatal magnesium.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2010

Magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$) is an essential co-factor for over 325 physiological and biochemical processes so that plays a central role of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, and blood pressure significantly related to physical performance. However, only limited information on blood ionized $Mg^{2+}$ ($iMg^{2+}$) regarding to physical exercise is available and the data from blood total $Mg^{2+}$ detection are inconsistent. This present study investigated the changes of blood $iMg^{2+}$ correlated with metabolic demands during acute high-intensive exhaustive physical exercise in rats. After exhausted swimming (3-4 hours), blood pH, glucose, $HCO_3{^-}$, oxygen and ionized $Ca^{2+}$ ($iCa^{2+}$) were significantly decreased, whereas lactate, carbon dioxide, $iMg^{2+}$, ionized $Na^+$ and ionized $K^+$ were significantly increased. During the exhausted swimming, the changes in $iMg^{2+}$ showed a significant negative correlation with changes in pH, glucose, $HCO_3^-$ and $iCa^{2+}$, however a significant negative correlation with changes in lactate and anionic gap. It is concluded that the acute high-intensive exhaustive physical exercise could produced hypermagnesemia, an increase in blood $iMg^{2+}$ via stimulation of $iMg^{2+}$ efflux following increase in intracellular $iMg^{2+}$ from muscle induced by metabolic and respiratory acidosis.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the electrolyte metabolic responses to a 100 km ultra-marathon in 22 male amateur runners. Their average age was $50.91{\pm}4.77$ years old and their $VO_2max$ value was $48.19{\pm}6.4 mL/kg/min$. The participants completed the race with a mean finishing time of $205.55{\pm}19.61$ minute. Electrolyte parameters based on blood tests including calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, anion gap, plasma volume change and osmolality were measured pre-race, at 50 km, and at 100 km (post-race). Only slight changes in sodium level with no cases of hypernatremia or hyponatremia were observed. Additionally, all the electrolyte parameters changes were within the normal range and plasma volumes were unchanged. Overall, amateur marathon runners are not at risk to develop clinically significant electrolyte or osmolality changes during a 100 km ultra-marathon.