• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2004

Purpose: Population based structural and functional maps of the brain provide effective tools for the analysis and interpretation of complex and individually variable brain data. Brain MRI and PET standard templates and statistical probabilistic maps based on image data of Korean normal volunteers have been developed and probabilistic maps based on cytoarchitectonic data have been introduced. A quantification method using these data was developed for the objective assessment of regional intensity in the brain images. Materials and Methods: Age, gender and ethnic specific anatomical and functional brain templates based on MR and PET images of Korean normal volunteers were developed. Korean structural probabilistic maps for 89 brain regions and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps for 13 Brodmann areas were transformed onto the standard templates. Brain FDG PET and SPGR MR images of normal volunteers were spatially normalized onto the template of each modality and gender. Regional uptake of radiotracers in PET and gray matter concentration in MR images were then quantified by averaging (or summing) regional intensities weighted using the probabilistic maps of brain regions. Regionally specific effects of aging on glucose metabolism in cingulate cortex were also examined. Results: Quantification program could generate quantification results for single spatially normalized images per 20 seconds. Glucose metabolism change in cingulate gyrus was regionally specific: ratios of glucose metabolism in the rostral anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate and the caudal anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate were significantly decreased as the age increased. 'Rostral anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 3.1% per decade of age ($P<10^{-11}$, r=0.81) and 'caudal anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 1.7% ($P<10^{-8}$, r=0.72). Conclusion: Ethnic specific standard templates and probabilistic maps and quantification program developed in this study will be useful for the analysis of brain image of Korean people since the difference in shape of the hemispheres and the sulcal pattern of brain relative to age, gender, races, and diseases cannot be fully overcome by the nonlinear spatial normalization techniques.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2016

Purpose $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is used for the medicine of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and which emits ${\alpha}-ray$ of 28 Mev that is used for therapy. However $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ emits ${\beta}-ray$ of 3.6% and ${\gamma}-ray$ of 1.1%(80,156,270 keV) aside from ${\alpha}-ray$ in decay. Therefore we would like to evaluate external radiation expose dose rate of ${\gamma}-ray$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$. Materials and Methods We calculated external radiation expose dose rate using ${\gamma}-constant$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$, $^{99m}Tc$ based on Health physics(2012). $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ of 3.5 MBq and $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ of 740 MBq were applied. external radiation expose dose rate 15 times from 1m by survey meter. Results ${\gamma}-contant$ of $^{223}Ra$, $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ from 1m distance based on Health physics(2012) is 0.0469, 0.0215. calculated value of external radiation expose dose rate was $16{\mu}Sy$, $34{\mu}Sy$ which activity is $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ of 3.5 MBq and $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ of 740 MBq from 1 m and measured mean value of 1 m was $0.7{\mu}Sy/h$, $18{\mu}Sy/h$. Conclusion ${\gamma}-constant$ of $^{223}Ra$ is higher than $^{99m}Tc$ based on Health physics(2012). however calculated maximum external radiation expose dose rate of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is lower than $^{99m}Tc$ due to actually used quantity of activity of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is small. measured value of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is also lower than $^{99m}Tc-MDP$. Therefore external radiation expose dose rate of ${\gamma}-ray$ of $^{223}Ra-Dichloride$ is very low.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-70
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• 2013

Purpose: Surge in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic artery chemical embolization is one of the effective interventional procedures. The PET/CT examination plays an important role in determining the presence of residual cancer cells and metastasis, and prognosis after embolization. The other hand, the hepatic artery chemical embolization of embolic material used lipiodol produced artifacts in the PET/CT examination, and these artifacts results in quantitative evaluation influence. This study, the radioactivity density and the percentage error was evaluated by the extent of the impact of lipiodol in the image of PET/CT. Materials and Methods: 1994 NEMA Phantom was acquired for 2 minutes and 30 seconds per bed after the Teflon, water and lipiodol filled, and these three inserts into the enough to mix the rest behind radioactive injection with $20{\pm}10MBq$. Phantom reconfigure with the iterative reconstruction method the number of iterations for two times by law, a subset of 20 errors. We set up region of interest at each area of the Teflon, water, lipiodol, insert artifact occurs between regions, and background and it was calculated and compared by the radioactivity density(kBq/ml) and the% Difference. Results: Radioactivity density of the each region of interest area with the teflon, water, lipiodol, insert artifact occurs between regions, background activity was $0.09{\pm}0.04$, $0.40{\pm}0.17$, $1.55{\pm}0.75$, $2.5{\pm}1.09$, $2.65{\pm}1.16 kBq/ml$ (P <0.05) and it was statistically significant results. Percentage error of lipiodol in each area was 118%, compared to the water compared with the background activity 52%, compared with a teflon was 180% of the difference. Conclusion: We found that the error due to under the influence of the attenuation correction when PET/CT scans after lipiodol injection performed, and the radioactivity density is higher than compared to other implants, lower than background. Applying the nonattenuation correction images, and after hepatic artery chemical embolization who underwent PET/CT imaging so that the test should be take the consideration to the extent of the impact of lipiodol be.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

Purpose: To evaluate kidney function, renal relative uptake is very important and is affected by kidney and the setting of background region of interest (ROI). In particular, in the case of patients with hydronephrosis to the naked eyes, such as size, position and shape etc. can be difficult to identify. So according to ROI to be set by user, the results are many differences. This study assumes the ROI of a constant kidney. According to the change of background ROI by analyzing renal relative uptake affect how the results are intended to study. Materials and Methods: From January 2012 to February 2013, we analyzed 27 patients with hydronephrosis who were examined MAG3 test in nuclear medicine department of Samsung medical center. After patients were received intravenous injection of $^{99m}Tc-MAG3$ 185 MBq (5 mCi) data were obtained. While we reconstructed images of patients, we've changed background ROI in the process of setting up ROI. First, in the process of renal processing, automatic ROI which set automatically and background ROI which needed to set manually were compared. Second, we set the ROI position separated by above, lateral and bottom of kidney. Third, background setting time were compared with 1-2 min and 2-3 min. Results: The relative uptake occurred in 3.7%p of the errors on average in Automatic & Manual ROI study. And comparison of background ROI position study, located in the lower position was more accurate results. Above, lateral, bottom each of the values 74.6%, 67.6% and 62.0% showed respectively. The standard value was 59.9%. finally, split function range test doesn't show significant difference. Conclusion: The study shows that relative uptake of kidney is affected in the background ROI. Therefore, it should be set by considering various dependent factors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2001

Introduction：Test anxiety is a pervasive problem among high school students in Korea. While anxiety in test situations may actually facilitate the performance of some students, more often it is disruptive and leads to performance decrements. Over the past years, many child psychiatrists have become concerned with understanding the nature of test anxiety, but it is not clearly understood yet. In order to understand the nature of test anxiety, the relationship between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety was examined. In addition, the relationships between the subscores of test anxiety (worry and emotionality) and the subscores of CDI, state anxiety or trait anxiety were examined. Methods：The Test Anxiety Inventory, Chidlren's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to 425 high school students in Seoul. The relationships between test anxiety and other measures were tested using Pearson correlation coefficients and to test the causal ralationship among the variables, regression analysis was performed. Results：The correlation coefficients between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety were 0.56(p<0.05), 0.75(p<0.05), 0.53(p<0.05) respectively. The correlation coefficients between subscales of test anxiety and depression were all significant. The correlation between subscales of test anxiety and state and trait anxiety were also statistically significant. Conclusions：This study indicates that test anxiety is closely related with depression, state and trait anxiety. In addition, the subscales of test anxiety are significantly related with those of the depression. The correlation coefficients between test anxiety and state-trait anxiety are also statistically significant. Thus, in order to develop the preventive and effective methods for treatment, these psychopathological characteristics should be kept in mind.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2001

Objectives：This study was conducted to investigate variables related to children's depression, and also the relationships between children's depression and parents' depression. Methods：258 5th and 6th grade elementary school students in Taegu, and their parents were asked to complete self-report questionnaires including the children's depression Inventory(CDI) and the Beck's depression Inventory(BDI). Correlation analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA were used for the statistical analysis and the statistically significant level is p<0.05. Results：1) CDI mean for total children is $13.5{\pm}6.77$, BDI mean for their mother is $13.3{\pm}7.25$, and BDI mean for their father is $11.6{\pm}7.03$. 2) There are significant differences in CDI for children variables related to sex, health, school achievement, economic status. 3) Mother's health slightly affect children's depression, but there are no significant differences in CDI for parents' education, religion, father's health. 4) Children's school achievement and economic status among variables related to children affect mother's BDI scores and children's school achievement affect father's BDI scores. 5) For CDI item analysis, there are significant differences in 10 items for children's sex, in 8 items for health, and in 6 items for economic status. Especially, there are significant differences in 20 items among 27 items for children's school achievement. 6) There is significant correlation between parents' BDI scores and children's CDI scores, and especially high correlation to mother for both boys and girls. Conclusion：Children's depression are significantly affected by children's sex, health, school achievement, economic status. And especially school achievement affect grossly children's depression and their mother's depression, so we know that children and their mother have much burden about school achievement. There is high correlation between children's depression and parents'(especially mother) depression. Therefore, these result imply that in the therapy for children's depression, we must include not only children's problems but also parents' depression and parent-children relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 1999

Objective：In life-long disabilities like autism and mental retardation, the authors thought that it is important for clinician to consider the quality of life of a primary caregiver for long-term management and prognosis. This study was to investigate the factors of children and family environment affecting the quality of life and depression in mothers with autistic and/or mentally retarded children. Methods：41 autistic and/or mentally retarded children aged 5-12 years with their mothers were surveyed from September, 1998 to January, 1999, with K-CBCL, K-BDI, K-FES, and K-SBQOL scale and compared with data from 35 normal control subjects. Results：1) Total K-BDI and K-SBQOL scores of mothers with mentally handicapped children were significantly poorer than the scores of normal control group. Independence, intellectual/cultural orientation and active recreation subscales of K-FES in mentally handicapped children were significantly decreased than those in normal control group. 2) Total K-BDI score of mothers with mentally handicapped children was correlated with their children’s behavioral problems, especially internalizing and thought symptoms, and with family cohesion, expressiveness, conflict and independence. 3) Totol K-SB quality of life score of mothers with mentally handicapped children was correlated with their children’s behavioral problems, especially attention problem, and with family cohesion, conflict, independence, intellectual/cultural orientation, and moral-religional emphasis. 4) The quality of life of mothers with mentally handicapped children was predicted by attention problem($R^2$=.36, p=.000) and social competence($R^2$=.07, p=.038) in children and family cohesion ($R^2$=.16, p=.001). 5) Depression of mothers with mentally handicapped children was predicted by internalizing symptom ($R^2$=.21, p=.003) and thought disorder($R^2$=.06, p=.048) in children and family cohesion($R^2$=.14, p=.008). Conclusion：Reducing behavioral problems and family therapeutic intervention in autistic and mentally retarded children can improve the quality of life of primary caregivers and long-term prognosis of the children, although those are not curative.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1999

Objects：It is difficult to differentiate between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and mania because of similar symptoms and atypical symptoms of mania in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and to clarify the relationship by comparing the clinical features and comorbidities of ADHD and manic patients. Methods：The subjects consisted of 35 patients with ADHD and 19 manic patients. To Compare the characteristic symptoms between the two disorders, we selected 29 patients with ADHD and 14 patients with manic disorders. 6 ADHD patients who had manic disorders as comorbid disorder, and 5 manic patients who had ADHD as comorbid disorders were manic disorders were excluded. Results：1) There were significant differences in ages of onset and state anxiety scale scores, birth weights, numbers of perinatal problem, gestational ages, school behavioral problems between ADHD patients and manic patients(p<0.01). 2) There were significant differences in loses things(p<0.05) of ADHD-symptoms and grandiosity(p<0.01), decrease in sleep(p<0.05), delusions(p<0.01), hallucinations(p<0.05) of mania-symptoms between ADHD patients and manic patients. 3) The comorbid disorders of ADHD patients are significantly high(p<.05) than that of manic patients in major depression. 4) The familial loading of manic patients are significantly high(p<.05) than that of ADHD patients in mood disorder. Conclusions：The above results suggest that ADHD and mania are different disorders, considering the significant differences of clinical features and characteristics, familial loadings of the two disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1999

Introduction：Test anxiety is a pervasive problem among high school students in Korea. While anxiety in test situations may actually facilitate the performance of some students, more often it is disruptive and leads to performance decrements. Over the past years, many child psychiatrists have become concerned with understanding the nature of test anxiety, but it is not clearly understood yet. In order to understand the nature of test anxiety, the relationship between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, temperament and family environment were examined. Methods：The Test Anxiety Inventory, Chidlren's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Temperamnet and Family Environment Scale Scale were administered to 576 high school students in Seoul. The relationships between test anxiety and other measures were tested using Pearson correlation coefficients and to test the causal relationship among the variables, regression analysis was performed. Results：The correlation coefficients between test anxiety and depression, state anxiety, trait anxiety, temperament and family environment scale were 0.42(p<0.01), 0.34(p<0.05), 0.38(p<0.05), 0.36(p<0.05) and -0.23(p<0.01), respectively. Regression analysis showed that only state and trait anxiety had direct causal relationship with test anxiety. Depression, temperament and family environment were indirecly related with test anxiety. Conclusions：This study indicates that the level of state and trait anxiety are directly related with test anxiety, and other variables such as temperament, family environment and depression are indirectly related with test anxiety. Thus, in order to develop the effective methods for treatment, these psychopathological characteristics should be kept in mind and the most important factors are the levels of state and trait anxiety.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.68-80
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• 2012

Purpose : More recently, combined PET/MR scanners have been developed in which the MR data can be used for both anatometabolic image formation and attenuation correction of the PET data. For quantitative PET information, correction of tissue photon attenuation is mandatory. The attenuation map is obtained from the CT scan in the PET/CT. In the case of PET/MR, the attenuation map can be calculated from the MR image. The purpose of this study was to assess the quantitative differences between MR-based and CT-based attenuation corrected PET images. Materials and Methods : Using the uniform cylinder phantom of distilled water which has 199.8 MBq of $^{18}F$-FDG put into the phantom, we studied the effect of MR-based and CT-based attenuation corrected PET images, of the PET-CT using time of flight (TOF) and non-TOF iterative reconstruction. The images were acquired from 60 minutes at 15-minute intervals. Region of interests were drawn over 70% from the center of the image, and the Scanners' analysis software tools calculated both maximum and mean SUV. These data were analyzed by one way-anova test and Bland-Altman analysis. MR images are segmented into three classes(not including bone), and each class is assigned to each region based on the expected average attenuation of each region. For clinical diagnostic purpose, PET/MR and PET/CT images were acquired in 23 patients (Ingenuity TF PET/MR, Gemini TF64). PET/CT scans were performed approximately 33.8 minutes after the beginnig of the PET/MR scans. Region of interests were drawn over 9 regions of interest(lung, liver, spleen, bone), and the Scanners' analysis software tools calculated both maximum and mean SUV. The SUVs from 9 regions of interest in MR-based PET images and in CT-based PET images were compared. These data were analyzed by paired t test and Bland-Altman analysis. Results : In phantom study, MR-based attenuation corrected PET images generally showed slightly lower -0.36~-0.15 SUVs than CT-based attenuation corrected PET images (p<0.05). In clinical study, MR-based attenuation corrected PET images generally showed slightly lower SUVs than CT-based attenuation corrected PET images (excepting left middle lung and transverse Lumbar) (p<0.05). And percent differences were -8.01.79% lower for the PET/MR images than for the PET/CT images. (excepting lung) Based on the Bland-Altman method, the agreement between the two methods was considered good. Conclusion : PET/MR confirms generally lower SUVs than PET/CT. But, there were no difference in the clinical interpretations made by the quantitative comparisons with both type of attenuation map.