• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.64-68
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• 1998

본 연구는 오염토양/지하수의 정화를 위하여 사용되는 계면활성제 교정기술의 보다 현실적인 평가를 위하여 토양에 흡착된 계면활성제에 대한 소수성 유기오염물인 Naphthalene과 Phenanthrene의 흡수현상에 대한 연구결과를 나타내었다. 음이온 계면활성제인 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)와 중성 계면활성제인 Tween 80의 흡착곡선은 소수성 꼬리 (hydrophobic tails)간의 상호작용에 의하여 S-형 모양을 보이며 이들 흡착된 계면활성제는 Micelle로 존재하는 계면활성제에 비하여 유기오염물에 대한 보다 강한 흡수능력을 나타내었다. 결과에 나타난 흡수능력의 차이는 계면활성제가 흡착되어있거나 Micelle상태로 존재할 경우 다른 구조를 형성하기 때문이라 사료된다. 흡수된 계면활성제와 Micelle의 상호경쟁에 의하여 유기오염물의 부동성(immobility)을 나타내는 분배계수(distribution coefficient)는 계면활성제의 농도에 반비례하였다. 결론적으로 토양/지하수의 오염물 정화를 위하여 계면활성제 교정기술의 적용 시 고정상 (solid phase)에 있는 흡착 계면활성제에 의한 유기오염물의 지체현상 (retardation)을 고려하여야 한다.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2000

Surfactants have been extensively considered for decontamination of the subsurface polluted with hydrophobic organic compounds. In order to investigate the effect of molecular structures on the solubilization of hydrophobic organic compounds, solubility enhancement of two PAHs in solutions of three different surfactants-conventional, dianionic, and gemini. The batch experimental results showed that the gemini was the most effective and the dianionic was the least, indicating that organic carbon content of the surfactants was the major factor which determines the sorption capacity of surfactant aggregates in water, unlike some of the previous reports.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.419-428
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• 1994

Microemulsion을 형성하기 위해서는 일반적으로 주계면활성제와 함께 보조계면황성제가 첨가 된다. 그러나 보조계면활성제는 이론적으로 반드시 필요한 것은 아니며, 주계면활성제의 친유기 구조를 적절히 변화시킴으로써 보조계면황성제의 필요량을 감소시킬 수 있다. Microemulsion계 를 형성하기 위한 최적의 계면황성제구조를 찾기 위하여 twin tail형 계면활성제인 dialkylbenzene과 dialkylphenol친유기를 갖는 계면황성제를 연구하였다. p-dihexylbenzene sodium sulfonate는 보조계면활성제 없이 microemulsion을 형성하였지만, dialkylphenol sodium sulfates는 젤이나 액정등을 제거하기 위하여 보조계면활성제를 필요로 하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.178-181
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• 2005

토양세척 공정 시 오염물질을 제거하기 위해 사용한 계면활성제를 재사용하기 위해 활성탄을 사용하였으며 이때 계면활성제와 HOC (Hydrophobic Organic Chemical)의 분배를 예측 할 수 있는 모델을 개발하였다. 계면활성제로는 Triton X-100, HOC는 phenanthrene을 활성탄으로는 Darco 20-40 mesh를 사용하였다. 개발된 모델로 계면활성제 주입량, 활성탄 주입량에 따른 계면활성제와 HOC의 분배결과를 각각 전산 모사를 통하여 얻었다. 그 결과 활성탄이 포함된 계 내에서의 계면활성제와 HOC의 분배가 미셀이 형성되는 농도를 전후로 서로 다른 분배 양상을 보였다. 또한 전산모사 결과는 실제 실험결과를 비교적 정확하게 반영함을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.735-742
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• 2012

This study tried to find a suitable method for enhancing the foam stability of cationic surfactants that normally generate less foam or no foam. Several trials were made to enhance the foam stability: addition of anionic surfactant, colloids and polymer. Cationic starch (CA-ST) did not form foam at all, while the foam stability of two other cationic surfactant also showed low levels; methyl triethanol ammonium methyl sulfate distearyl ester (CEQ90) for 46 sec. and Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CM29) for 31 seconds. Foam stability of cationic surfactants were significantly affected by addition of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Foam stability of CA-ST was significantly enhanced by addition of SDS, while those of CEQ90 and CM29 were decreased. Addition of colloids ($SiO_2$, kaolin) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enhanced foam stabilities of CEQ90 and CM29. However, CA-ST did not form foam even in the presence of colloids or PVA. Effect of simultaneous addition of colloids and anionic surfactant on foam stability of cationic surfactant showed that foam stability of cationic surfactant was more influenced by addition of anionic surfactant than colloids. Effect of simultaneous addition of PVA and anionic surfactant on the foam stability of cationic surfactant also showed that presence of anionic surfactant significantly affect the foam stability of cationic surfactant. Foam stability of CA-ST was greatly increased to 8,780 seconds by addition of SDS 0.14% and PVA 2.5%. The foam stability of CA-ST was 8 times higher than CEQ 90. This study suggested that cationic surfactants not forming foam can generate foam by addition of anionic surfactant and its stability can be additionally increased by addition of colloids and PVA. The study results showed that enhancement in foam stability of cationic surfactant was prominently affected by the concentration of anionic surfactant added.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.153-156
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• 2006

유류오염토양의 자연복원 시 생물이용도(bioavailability)를 높이기 위해 사용되는 계면활성제의 영향을 살펴보고자 제지 폐수로부터 분리한 미생물과 5가지 계면활성제를 사용하였다. 계면활성제로는 Brij 35, Brij 30, Triton X-100, Tween 40, Tween 80을 사용하였으며 유류오염물질로는 PAHs를 사용하여 계면활성제 별 미생물의 성장률 및 PAHs 분해율을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 각각의 계면활성제에 따라 서로 다른 미생물 성장 및 PAHs 분해능을 보였다. 계면활성제에 따른 미생물 성장은 Tween 계열에서 뚜렷했으며 이들 중 Tween 40에서는 PAHs의 분해능 또한 가장 활발하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

In this study, the effects of additives such as ionic surfactant and cosurfactant were studied on the solubilization of sulfur compounds contained in the crude oil by Tergitol series nonionic surfactants. It was found that the addition of an ionic surfactant such as sodium oleate, potassium oleate, CTAB and DTAB did not enhance solubilization capacity of Tergitol series nonionic surfactant. On the other hand, the addition of a long-chain alcohol as a cosurfactant increased the solubilization of sulfur compounds in the crude oil. The effect of alcohol was found to become reduced with an increase in the amount of crude oil used mainly due to partitioning phenomena of an nonionic surfactant. The enhancement of solubilizing capacity of Tergitol series nonionic surfactant with addition of a cosurfactant was associated with a decrease in interfacial tension between crude oil and surfactant solution. The pH of Tergitol nonionic surfactant solution did not affect the solubilization of sulfur compounds. Finally, it was found that the growth of sulfur reducing microoganisms was not greatly affected by both addition of nonionic surfactant and cosurfactant.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1058-1065
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• 2017

Amino acid based surfactants as protein-surfactants is eco-friendly compound. So, amino acid based surfactants is expected as next generation surfactants. Amino acid based surfactants has high biodegradability, low toxicity and surface active properties. In this experiment, amino acid based surfactants, cocoyl glycine, was synthesized by glycine and triglyceride such as coconut oil and palm oil. And it was tested the surface tension, emulsifying properties, foam stability and HLB value. The synthesized surfactants was confirmed by FT-IR. Surface tension of surfactants synthesized by coconut oil on diluted aqueous solutions of surfactants was 31.2 dyne/cm at $1.0{\times}10^{-4}mol/L$. Surface tension of surfactants synthesized by palm oil on the diluted aqueous solutions of surfactants was 42.1 dyne/cm at $3.2{\times}10^{-5}mol/L$. Foam stability measured the foam height as time passed. Initial foam height of surfactants synthesized by coconut oil is 14.5 cm, and 10.7 cm after five minutes. Initial foam height of surfactants synthesized by palm oil is 3.0 cm, and 2.8 cm after five minutes. Foam height of surfactants synthesized by coconut oil was higher than surfactants synthesized by palm oil. But foam stability of surfactants synthesized by palm oil was better than surfactants synthesized by coconut oil. The emulsifying properties of synthesized surfactants are observed in benzene and soybean oil and emulsifying properties in organic solvent is better than in soybean oil.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.523-530
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• 1999

Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive has been made utilizing organic solvents, but nowadays it is made by solvent-free system due to environmental problems. In this study, emulsion polymerization were carried out at $40^{\circ}C$ with methacrylic acid(MAA), n-butyl acrylate(n-BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate(2-EHA) as monomers in the presence of anionic(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and nonionic(ethylene oxide types) surfactant mixtures. The overall conversion of the polymerization reaction in a mixed surfactant system was found to be higher than that in a single surfactant system. Emulsion stability in mixed or anionic surfactant systems was found to be over 12 week, which was better than that in nonionic surfactant system. Emulsion particle size decreased as surfactant content increased. The Tg and molecular weight of emulsion polymer were inependent of the type, the amount and the mixing ratio of surfactant. Based on the results of stability and peel strength, the optimum nonionic surfactant ratio in total 4 g of surfactant mixture systems is found to be 40~60% by weight where the nonionic surfactant has 50 ethylene oxide groups and 16~18 carbon atoms in hydrophobic alkyl chain.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

Soil washing by surfactants is a technology to enhance mobilization and subsequent degradation of oil pollutants by reducing the surface tension of pollutants which is combined with soil. In this study, biosurfactant, rhamnolipid was produced from Pseudomonas aemginosa ATCC 9027 which had an excellent biodegradable activity in soil without causing secondary pollution. Effects of chemical surfactants on the removal of diesel from diesel-contaminated soil were compared to those of biosurfactants including rhamnolipid. Diesel removal efficiency by rhamnolipid extracted from P. aeruginosa culture broth was over 95% in both batch and column washing test in 5,000ppm diesel-contaminated soil with 1% surfactants after washing for 24 hours. On the contrary, the results of chemical surfactants were below 50∼80%, The chemical surfactants with HLB value(8∼15) showed more then 75% efficiency of diesel removal. But, when the HLB values were below 8 or over 15. their efficiency were observed as less then 60% of diesel removal. Rhamnolipid, biologically produced surfactants, may also be promising agent for enhancing diesel removal from contaminated soil.