• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.660-664
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• 2011

We investigated the improvement of the antioxidative activity of black garlic with enzymatic treatment and lactic acid bacteria cultivation conditions. Celluclast, a commercially-available polysaccharide hydrolyase, was selected to obtain high total polyphenol content in a black garlic suspension. A lactic acid bacterial strain showing fast growth and high acid production in a black garlic suspension was isolated from Kimchi. This strain was identified as Lactobacillus pentosus 310-7. Enzymatically hydrolyzed black garlic was fermented using the L. pentosus 310-7 strain at $30^{\circ}C$ for 15 hr. The pH and titratable acidity achieved were 4.24 and 0.35%, respectively, after 15 hr fermentation. The viable cell population of L. pentosus 310-7 slowly increased to 7.54 log CFU/g. The polyphenolic compound content, known antioxidants, in black garlic was enhanced with Celluclast treatment and L. pentosus 310-7 cultivation. Total polyphenolic compounds were increased to approximately 60% of the initial concentration, and electron donating ability was also improved, from 39.8 to 65.9%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2008

The effect of Paecilomyces tenuipes water extract (PTWE) on the alcohol metabolism was examined on rats. PTWE of 0, 30, 100 mg/kg body weight was administrated orally to the rats 30 min before oral treatment of 3 g/kg body weight of alcohol. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were measured 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9 hr after alcohol treatment. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) activities were measured 9 hr after alcohol treatment. There were no differences in blood alcohol concentrations and area under the curve (AUC) of alcohol. PTWE decreased acetaldehyde concentration and there were significant differences after 6 hr in 30 mg/kg PTWE and after 3 and 9 hr in 100 mg/kg PTWE, respectively. In particular, 100 mg/kg PTWE decreased AUC of acetaldehyde by 44%. However, there were no changes in the hepatic ADH, ALDH, and MEOS activities.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 1980

Three seasme cultivars were compared in viewpoints of ripening developments and yielding potentials per plant after the flowering date. On this study, timely ripening and yielding developments were checked separately with capsules and seeds which outcome from the flowers labelled at 30th of July, the maximum flowering stage. Mostly, size and dry weight developments were estimated and the results obtained are as follows; 1. "Early Russian" was recognized as an ideal cultivar with large sized capsule and high lipid contents. However, under the enough ripening periods and ripening conditions (temperature, lights, and nutrients, etc.), the cultivar has weakness on the capsule developments which is competed with seed developments as mean of sink concern. 2. "Suwon 5" was a high yielding cultivar under the proper ripening weather (F. ex. southern districts), but under the unfavorable ripening conditions the cultivar may have weakness of rapid yield decrease by comparatively later formation of seed weight than the capsule. Especially the cultivar has the very ripening characteristics adapting to southern districts which have higher temperature and later low limiting stage for sesame ripening. 3. "Black colored native" seasme cultivar showed lower yielding and later ripening characteristics among others. Also, under the unfavorable ripening conditions, the cultivar has the weakness of yield decrease. Even under the favorable conditions, the cultivar will still have the weakness which is not able to increase in yield, because the capsule development would be finished in size and dry weight too early to accept the later developments of seeds.e later developments of seeds.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.26
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

It is known that the content of asparagine, an excellent detoxifying substance of alcohols in human body, is the highest in the roots of soy-sprout. At the same time, it is inferred that soy-sprouts producing more roots are better for detoxifying. In this experiment, the effects of room temperatures on number of watering per day, and duration of soy-sprout culture were carefully investigated. Some of the results obtained are as follows; 1. The yield rate of soy-sprouts for Agakong and Pungsannamulkong was continuously increased up to 9 days. It was higher in room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ than in $20^{\circ}C$ and was the highest at 8th day of culture with 5 times of watering per day. 2. The asparagine content in soy-sprouts of Agakong and Pungsannamulkong was the highest in cotyledon and the lowest in roots. This rate was higher in the room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ than in $30^{\circ}C$. 3. The highest asparagine content of soy-sprout of Agakong was 18.9%, obtained in the room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, cultivated for 8 days with 5 times of watering per day. 4. The highest asparagine content of Pungsannamulkong was 18.8%, obtained in hypocotyl cultivated in the room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 days with the number of 2 times watering per day. 5. When an cultivation apparatus of 5 liters volume was used, the optimum seed amount for the highest yield rate was 300g for Agakong and 500g for Pungsannamulkong. At the same time, the number of lateral roots showed increasing tendency with more amounts of soybean seeds used.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the effect on the system of crop rotation of sesame(Sesamum indicum L). The results of infected plant percentage and yield of sesame wilting disease, fluctuation of density of Fusarium oxysporum and Actinomycetes, and their pathogenicity test on Fusarium spp isolated from sesame cultural soil were investigated. Density of F. oxysporum was the highest in a sesame continuous cropping soil but that of Actinomycetes was the lowest in that soil. And that of F. oxysporum and Actinomycetes according to investigation date was the highest at June. 30 and July. 30, respectively. Their pathogenicity of F. oxysporum and F. solani isolated from sesame cultural soil to sesame, peanut and green gram were recognized to all isolates except one isolate among F. oxysporum 8 isolates and one isolate to sesame, 2 isolates to peanut and all isolates to green gram among F. solani 4 isolates. F. oxysporum density and infected plant of wilting disease were increased as a result of replanted cultivation of sesame, and yield of that was prominantly reduced. Relation between density of F. oxysporum in cultural soil and infected plant percentage showed positive correlation and yield index highly negative. There was little difference between sesame-upland rice and sesame-peanut in the system of crop rotation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a recently reclaimed hillside land to investigate the effectiveness of newly formulated compound fertilizer (10-14-11) containing fused phosphate as phosphorus source. Winter barley was adopted as a crop and commercial compound fertilizer (22-22-11), triple superphosphate, and ordinary fused phosphate were compared with the new compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as follows. 1. When viewed from the plant hight and dry matter yield observed at different growth stages, it was indicated that newly formulated compound fertilizer seemed to be more effective in late stage than early stage. 2. Grain yields were higher in the compound fertilizer plots compared to the triple superphosphate and fused phosphate plots. The yield was specially high in the newly formulated compound fertilizer plot. In this plot, the number of grain per panicle and the rate of maturity were higher than the other plots. 3. The amount of phosphorus uptake by plant in the newly formulated compound fertilizer was lower in early stage and higher in late stage. In this experiment, the magnesium and silica contained in fused phosphate did not influence the growth and yield of barley because the soil was relatively high in these components. 4. Because of the unprecedented severity of winter weather during the experiment, the result obtained in present study may not be generalized until some studies confirm present findings.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.146-165
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• 1973

Crop damages caused by sulfur dioxide poisoning were studied with respect to physiology of lesion, yield loss and prevention measures. The results are summarized as follows; 1. On the physiology of injury: The sulfur dioxide gas did no: affect the pH and $E_h$ values of the tested leaf juice of plants. Peroxidase activity was inhibited just after sulfur dioxide treatment but gradually recovered to normal after 10 hours. Methanolic chlorophyll solution was instantaneously and irreversibly bleached by the addition of sulfur dioxide gas with no evidence of pheophytin formation. It seems that chlorophyll forms colourless addition product or is reduced to colourless form with either sulfur dioxide gas or sulfurous acid. Chlorophyll in the chloroplast was also bleached by the sulfur dioxide treatment, as in the case of methanolic solution of chlorophyll, except that the rate of bleaching was rather slow, requiring 1-2 hours. It appears that the most inflicting cause of sulfur dioxide gas to plants may be the destruction of chlorophyll by the poisoning gas. 2. On the effects to crop yield: The crop yield losses were proportional to the concentration of inflicting sulfur dioxide gas. The order of tolerence of the crops to the sulfur dioxide gas was as follows - chinese cabbage being the most susceptible; wheat, paddy rice, barley, soybean, welsh onion, radish and chinese cabbage. The crucifer crops were generally found more susceptible than other crops studied. With respect to the growing stages of crops exposed to sulfur dioxide gas, it was found that the flowering stage was the most susceptible fellowed by panicle forming, milky and tillering in the decreasing order of susceptibility. 3. On the preventive measures of yield losses: Soil applications of potassium, wollastonite, lime or spray of lime water were effective to prevent yield losses from sulfur dioxide fumigation of paddy rice, barley, and soybeans. The most responsive treatment was lime water spray for all crops tested. In case of sulfur dioxide fumigated paddy rice, the lime water spray also increased carbon assimilation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.453-458
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• 1986

The present study was directed to investigate the antioxidative effects of onion and mustard powder extracts on fish oil. The oxidative changes of sardine oil with and without onion and mustard powder extract were estimated by measuring peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, weighing method, acid value (AV) and fatty acid composition, periodically. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; From view point of POV, fat soluble fraction of onion and mustard powder showed much inhibitory effect on the oxidation of sardine oil, marked induction period to be prolonged about 18 and 20 days, respectively. But the POV in fat soluble fraction of mustard powder increased remarkably in the early stage of storage, so it did not show inhibitory effect on the oxidation of sardine oil. In the TBA value of sardine oil during storage, the water soluble fraction of onion and mustard powder were more slowly increased than other fractions. The weighing change of sardine oil, contained in the water soluble fraction of mustard powder, was slower than other fractions, marking $0.5\%$ of weight gain during 30 day storage. On the other hand water and $80\%$ ethanol soluble fractions of onion were marked $2.3\%\;and\;5.8\%$ of weight gain during 30 day storage. In the oxidative degradation of docosahexaenoic acid, water soluble fractions of mustard powder and onion extracts showed the strongest inhiditory effect.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the possibility of water purification by a wild train of Oenanthe javanica DC. Three commercially available dishwashing detergents and a standard surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), were used for this study. The experiment was done in 1.5 ι transluscent aquariums. The plants were distributed into various concentrations of detergents and various kinds of detergent in the separate aquariums. The wet weight of the plants was significantly decreased (p<0.05), and the visual vitality of the plants also decreased in 2 days. The higher the concentration of detergent was, and the more time the plants were exposed to the detergents, the more decrease of growth was observed. The pH value of the culture media decreased in 2 days and in 4 days, then slightly increased in 6 days. However, the pH value of the media did not return to the initial neutral level of pH in 6 days. The pH value of the culture media containing the LAS remarkably increased in 6 days and increased to a neutral pH value in 18 days (p<0.01) as the pH of the other culture media. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the culture media gradually increased over the 4 days. A decrease of COD was observed in 6 days, but no tendency was observed between 12 and 18 days. The detergent in the culture media was highly significantly decreased in 2 days (p<0.01) and gradually decreased after this. After 6 days the remaining detergent was 12.4∼23.7% from the various levels of initially added concentration, and 22.4 ∼34.2% from the flour kinds of detergents. These results show that the reduction of detergent was caused by Oenanthe javanica and the effect was significant during the first 6 days when the plants were still growing well. These results indicate that the plant purifies contaminated water for several days and the effect could be variable according to the level of contamination and the environment in which the plant grows.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.198-209
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• 1979

L-Tyrosine, 2-chloro-L-tyrosine, 2-bromo-L-tyrosine, and 2-iodo-L-tyrosine were synthesized by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ obtained from cells of Escherichia intermedia A-21, through the reversal of the ${\alpha},{\beta}-elimination$ reaction, and their molecular structures were analyzed by element analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Rates of synthesis and hydrolysis of halogenated tyrosines by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$, inhibition of the enzyme activity by halogenated phenols, and effects of addition of m-bromophenol on the synthesis of 2-bromotyrosine were determined. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In the synthesis of halogenated tyrosines, the yield of 2-chlorotyrosine from m-chlorophenol were approximately 15 per cent, that of 2-bromotyrosine from m-bromophenol 13.8 per cent, and that of 2-iodotyrosine from m-iodophenol 9.8 per cent. 2) Rate of synthesis of halogenated tyrosines by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was slower than that of tyrosine and the rates were decreased in the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine, that is, by increasing the atomic radius. Relative rate of 2-chlorotyrosine synthesis was determined to be 28.2, that of 2-bromotyrosine to be 8.13, and that of 2-iodotyrosine to be 0.98, respectively, against 100 of tyrosine. However 3-iodotyrosine was not synthesized by the enzyme. 3) The relative rate of 2-chlorotyrosine hydrolysis by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was 70.7, that of 2-bromotyrosine was 39.0, and that of 2-iodotyrosine was 12.6 against 100 of tyrosine, respectively. The rate of hydrolysis appeared to be decreased in the order of chlorine, bromine and iodine, that is, by increasing the atomic radius or by decreasing the electronegativity. But 3-iodotyrosine was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. 4) The activity of ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ was inhibited by phenol markedly. Of the halogenated phenols, o-, or m-chlorophenol and o-bromophenol gave marked inhibition on the enzyme action, however inhibition by iodophenol was not strong. Plotting by Lineweaver-Burk method, a mixed-type inhibition by m-chlorophenol was observed and its Ki value was found to be $5.46{\times}10^{-4}M$. 5) During the synthesizing reaction of 2-bromotyrosine by the enzyme, sequential addition of substrate which was m-bromophenol with time intervals and in a small amount resulted in better yield of the product. 6) The halogenated tyrosines which were produced by ${\beta}-tyrosinase$ from pyruvate, ammonia and m-halogenated phenols were analysed to determine their molecular structures by element analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The result indicated that they were 2-chloro-L-tyrosine, 2-bromo-L-tyrosine, and 2-iodo-L-tyrosine, respectively.