• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.276-282
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• 2002

Morphine has been used widely on the treatment of many types of chronic pain. However the development of tolerance to morphine by repeat application is a major problem in pain therapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether combined administration of nalbuphine with morphine affects the development of tolerance to and dependence on morphine. We hypothesize that the use of nalbuphine, k-agonist may prove to be useful adjunct therapy to prevent morphine-induced undesirable effects in the management of some forms of chronic pain. Morphine (10 mg/kg) was injected to rats intraperitoneally for 5 days. The variable dose of nalbuphine (0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) was administered (i.p.) in combination with morphine injection. The development of tolerance to morphine was assessed by measuring the antinociceptive effect with the Randall-Selitto apparatus. The development of dependence on morphine was determined by the scoring the precipitated withdrawal signs for 20 min after injection of naloxone (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Nalbuphine did not attenuate antinociceptive effect of morphine in rats. Interestingly, combined administration of morphine with nalbuphine (100:1) significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance and dependence. These results suggest that the co-administration of nalbuphine with morphine in chronic morphine treatment can be one of therapies to reduce the development of dependence on morphine.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.213-233
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• 2012

This descriptive study about a community center for elderly users identifies factors influencing economic dependency. The objective of this study is to find factors that contribute to increased economic dependency and to provide basic data for preventing conflict between caregivers and elderly dependents. The subjects are 204 elderly persons who are community-center users in SongPa-Gu. Thirteen dongs (administrative areas) were chosen randomly in a cluster sample from among 26 dongs in Soungpagu containing a total of 158 community centers for the elderly. I obtained informed consents for my research from all subjects, and collected data by conducting interviews from June 28th, 2011 to August 7th, 2011. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test and multi regression analysis. The mean economic dependency score was 3.23, meaning that subjects with this score are dependent at a level that is "over intermediate". The level of formal education, homeownership, financial assistance from family and the number of families, financial assistance to the family and the number of families, economic life satisfaction, self efficacy and social support.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.111-116
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• 2014

Thanks to diffusions of mobile devices and advances of network technologies, demands for mobile app have been increased dramatically. It has resulted in mobile app industries as well as mobile app authoring tools are facing a crisis over subordinate to specific OS and platform such as iOS, Android and Apple App Store. Because these particular OS and platforms are obstacles to overcome for supporting interoperability and compatibility. In this study, we have conducted expert interviews and surveys to analyze status of mobile app markets and needs for mobile app user and developer. As a result, mobile app based on HTML5 leads to interconnect various mobile devises without additional efforts. Thereby, mobile app user and developer take a positive view of HTML5. However, mobile app developers tend to have the technical path dependence, they especially in venture and small enterprises need to government support for professional manpower training.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10e
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• pp.43-45
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• 2002

무선 인터넷의 발달에 따라 이미 만들어진 유선 인터넷용 컨텐츠들을 유무선 환경에 상관없이 이용할 수 있도록 컨텐츠를 변환하는 도구 및 컨텐츠를 저작할 때 도움을 주는유무선 문서 변환 시스템을 만들고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 유무선 문서 변환 시스템에서 마크업 언어간의 태그 변환 기능을 수행하는 태그 변환기를 설계 및 구현하였다. 본 변환기는변환 기능의 확장성 및 유연성을 확보하기 위해 태그간 변환 정보를 태그 변환기와 분리하여 관리하며, 미리 지정된 태그 변환 규칙에 따라 태그를 변환한다. 태그 변환 규칙은 모듈단위로 설계되며 태그간의 사상정보, 의존관계, 속성 정보에 따라 정의되었으며 모듈별 태그의 유지, 변환, 삭제의 3가지 규칙을 가진다.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.797-800
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• 2010

본 연구는 한국 나노기술의 발전현황을 살펴보고 나노기업들이 갖고 있는 재무적 특징을 분석한 것이다. 한국의 나노기술은 정부의 집중적인 지원을 받으면서 기업과 대학을 비롯한 연구기관들 사이의 경쟁적인 연구 속에서 단기간에 괄목할만한 성장을 하였다. 그 결과 미국, 일본, 독일에 뒤이은 높은 기술수준을 보유하게 되었다. 이러한 가운데 나노기술을 보유한 기업들에 대한 재무적 특징을 일반기업들과 비교 분석하여 몇 가지 의미 있는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째 나노기업들은 일반기업들에 비해 높은 성장을 보이고 있다. 둘째 나노기업들은 일반기업들에 비해서 타인자본의존도가 높게 나타났다. 끝으로 나노기업들의 수익성은 일반기업에 비해서 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 나노기술의 지속적 발전을 위한 정책적 결정에 중요한 시사점을 제시한다. 우선 정부는 나노기술의 산업화를 지원하여 기술의 제품화를 촉진시키는 것과는 별도로 나노기업의 재무구조개선에 관심을 갖고 부채비율을 낮추도록 해야 한다. 그래야만 수익성을 기반으로 한 지속적 성장이 가능하기 때문이다. 이를 위해서 나노기업에 대한 투자세액공제 등의 정책을 녹색성장정책에 포함시킬 필요가 있다고 본다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2004

This paper is to investigate theoretically position fixing by using gyroscopic inertia of free gyroscope. with respect to a reference position or starting point, the changes of the inclination angle of the spin axes and the elapsed time are taken a measurement. By using the two basic factors like changes of angles a position is fixed.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.348-353
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• 2015

The PEPS(Polar-coordinated Effective Plastic Strain) FLD(Forming Limit Diagram), a new type of FLD based on a polar representation of the EPS(Effective Plastic Strain), appears to be an effective solution to the problem of non-linear strain path effects. This method has the advantages of the familiar strain-based diagram for linear loading, but without the strain-hardening limitations of the stress-based diagram, or non-intuitive aspects of alternate Cartesian diagrams based on effective plastic strain. In the current study, the PEPS FLD was applied to the development process of an aluminum automobile-body panel, including the necking or crack prediction, die design, and die modification. As a result, the PEPS FLD provided improved formability of aluminum sheet as compared to deriving the potential formability with non-linearity.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.837-842
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• 1999

The Ta/TaN multilayer structure with repeating layers of a poly-crystalline Ta layer of high ductility and a TaN layer of high hardness is expected to exhibit toughness. This paper reports the results on the hardness and the adhesion strength of Ta/TaN multilayers and compositional gradient Ta/TaN layers deposited on the high speed steel substrate by reactive sputtering as a function of annealing temperature. The TaN film deposited with the $N_2$/Ar ratio of 0.4 in the reactive sputtering process exhibits the highest crystallinity, and the highest hardness and the results of scratch test of the Ta/TaN multilayers. The hardness and adhesion strength of the Ta/TaN multilayers becomes deteriorated with increasing the annealing temperature in the heat treatment right after depositing the layers. Therefore, post-annealing treatments are not desirable in the case of the Ta/TaN multilayers from the standpoint of mechanical properties. Also the hardness of Ta/TaN multilayers increases with decreasing the compositional modulation wavelength, but the adhesion property of the layers is nearly independent of the wavelength. On the other hand, the compositional gradient Ta/TaN film exhibits the highest hardness and the value of scratch test for the post-annealing temperatures of 20$0^{\circ}C$ and 40$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. This tendency of the compositional gradient Ta/TaN films differs from that of the Ta/TaN multilayers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.170-184
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• 2016

The research is our public rental housing policy are 'Why' Did you no choice but to make the route changes, according to previous governments neo-institutional one fine history of care institutions, Historical analysis method and historical comparison system was complementary to the borders of the principle of hacke to appear (248 hacker, 2004 :) that the path to the model attempts to analyze a mix of evolution. Our country has a high degree of exodus due to industrialization and urbanization have caused and here, by means of side effects to housing was becoming serious social problems. Has this to solve housing problems governments have any policy to take a look at the latest. 5, 16 5,16 Military Coup caused by the advent of the Third Republic ; lack of legitimacy of the regime established, the Korea Housing Corporation randomness that for over the cracks and a consensus on the critical period of Public Rental Housing begins to engage in further studies in this study reported paths of Lee Myung-bak administration during the course of evolution 'of nest housing', and government 'happy homes', Park Geun-hye, a diagnose and address the state of the public rental housing policy by comparison, the next of Public Rental Housing A desirable destination of the study to present.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.588-596
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• 2009

Background: To clarify the effect of hypoxia on vascular contractility, we tried to show whether hypoxia induced the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and the nature of the underlying mechanism for this release. Material and Method: Isometric contractions were observed in rabbit aorta, and the released EDRF from the rabbit aorta was bioassayed by using rabbit denuded carotid artery. The intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in the cultured rabbit aortic endothelial cells was recorded by a microfluorimeter with using Fura-2/AM. Hypoxia was evoked to the blood vessels or endothelial cells by eliminating the $O_2$ in the aerating gases in the external solution. Chemical hypoxia was evoked by applying deoxyglucose or $CN^-$. Result: Hypoxia relaxed the precontracted rabbit thoracic aorta that had its endothelium, and the magnitude of the relaxation was gradually increased by repetitive bouts of hypoxia. In contrast, hypoxia-induced relaxation was not evoked in the aorta that was denuded of endothelium. In a bioassay experiment, hypoxia released endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and the release was inhibited by L-NAME or the $K^+$ channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA). In the cultured endothelial cells, hypoxia augmented the ATP-induced increase of the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) and this increase was inhibited by TEA. Furthermore, chemical hypoxia also increased the $Ca^{2+}$ influx. Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that hypoxia might induce the release of NO from rabbit aortic endothelial cells by increasing $[[Ca^{2+}]_i$.