• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.6 no.1 s.20
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• pp.49-58
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• 2006

Rainfall-runoff characteristics are analysed based on the geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph(GIUH) derived by geomorphological parameters using geographical information system in watershed ungaged or deficient of field data. Observed data of Seom river experiment watershed at upstream of Hoengseong dam and variable slope method for hydrograph separating of direct non are used. The 4th stream order of Seom river experimental watershed is developed with a regular correlation referred to the Horton-Strahler's law of stream order. The characteristic velocity to determine shape parameter of GIUH is 1.0m/s and its equation is modified for accurate results. Hydrograph at the outlet of 4th stream order of Maeil gage station and at the outlets of 3rd stream order of Sogun and Nonggeori gage stations show a little differences in falling limb of hydrograph but agree well to the observed data in general. The results by hydrological routing with HEC-HMS to the outlet of 4th stream order of Maeil gage station which the hydrograph by GIUH obtained at Sogun and Nonggeori gage stations of 3rd stream oder are applied as upstream inputs give better agreement with observed data than those by hydrograph by GIUH obtained at Maeil gage station of 4th stream order. In general, the rainfall-runoff by GIUH has applicability to the watershed routing of ungaged project regions.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2004.10d
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• pp.251-258
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• 2004

본 연구는 연결어미가 글 이해와 기억에 미치는 영향을 조사하고, 연결어미의 효과와 글읽기 능력과는 어떤 관련성이 있는지를 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 연결어미로는 인과 관계와 부가 관계를 나타내는 연결어미가 사용되었다. 앞뒤에 제시되는 두 문장의 국소적 응집성(Local coherence)을 형성하는데 연결어미가 도움을 준다면, 연결어미가 있는 경우에 문장을 이해하는 속도가 빨라지고 글 내용을 기억하는 데에도 도움을 줄 것으로 예측하였다. 만일에 글읽기 능력이 연결어미를 적절히 사용할 수 있는 능력에 의해서도 영향을 받는다면, 연결어미의 출현 여부와 읽기 능력간에 상호작용이 있을 것으로 예측하였다. 실험 1에서는 인과 관계 연결어미를 사용하여 문장 읽기 시간에 연결어미의 출현이 미치는 효과와 문장 회상에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 인과 관계 연결어미는 뒤의 문장을 읽는데 촉진적인 효과를 주었으며, 이런 연결어미의 효과는 읽기 능력에 관계없이 일관된 촉진 효과를 나타냈다. 또한, 연결어미의 출현은 문장의 회상에 도움을 주었으며, 연결어미가 문장 회상에 미치는 효과는 읽기 능력의 상하에 관계없이 일관되게 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 부가 관계 연결어미가 문장 읽기 시간과 회상에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과. 부가 관계 연결어미 역시 인과 관계 연결어미와 유사한 형태의 효과를 보였다. 실험 1과 실험 2의 결과는 인과 관계와 부가 관계 연결어미가 앞뒤 문장의 응집성 형성에 긍정적인 영향을 주고, 이런 연결어미의 글읽기에 대한 효과는 글읽기 능력에 관계없이 일정하다는 것을 시사한다.건이 복합 명사의 중심어 선택과 의미 결정에 재활용 될 수 있으며, 병렬말뭉치에 의해 반자동으로 구축되는 의미 대역 패턴을 사용하여 데이터 구축의 어려움을 개선하고자 한다. 및 산출 과정에 즉각적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 이러한 정보들은 현재 구축중인 세종 전자사전에도 직접 반영되고 있다.teness)은 언화행위가 성공적이라는 것이다.[J. Searle] (7) 수로 쓰인 것(상수)(象數)과 시로 쓰인 것(의리)(義理)이 하나인 것은 그 나타난 것과 나타나지 않은 것들 사이에 어떠한 들도 없음을 말한다. [(성중영)(成中英)] (8) 공통의 규범의 공통성 속에 규범적인 측면이 벌써 있다. 공통성에서 개인적이 아닌 공적인 규범으로의 전이는 규범, 가치, 규칙, 과정, 제도로의 전이라고 본다. [C. Morrison] (9) 우리의 언어사용에 신비적인 요소를 부인할 수가 없다. 넓은 의미의 발화의미(utterance meaning) 속에 신비적인 요소나 애정표시도 수용된다. 의미분석은 지금 한글을 연구하고, 그 결과에 의존하여서 우리의 실제의 생활에 사용하는 $\ulcorner$한국어사전$\lrcorner$ 등을 만드는 과정에서, 어떤 의미에서 실험되었다고 말할 수가 있는 언어과학의 연구의 결과에 의존하여서 수행되는 철학적인 작업이다. 여기에서는 하나의 철학적인 연구의 시작으로 받아들여지는 이 의미분석의 문제를 반성하여 본다.반인과 다르다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이 결과가 옳다면 한국의 심성 어휘집은 어절 문맥에 따라서 어간이나 어근 또는 활용형 그 자체로 이루어져

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

In an effort to establish adaptive measures for low carbon use and climate change, this study developed storylines for shared socio-economic reference pathways(SSP) and simulated change in land use for each storyline. First, cellular automata modeling was performed using past data, and a transition rule for the local characteristics of each planning area under study was derived by comparing with the results of the base year. Second, three storylines were formulated based on the hypothesized change in land use for the SSP. SSP1, the scenario for sustainability, assumed that the land was developed into a compact city, SSP2 assumed the development of a road through the middle of the land while maintaining the current situation, and SSP3 assumed unsustainable development into a fragmented world. Third, change in land use depending on planning area was predicted by integrating the SSP scenarios with cellular automata(CA) modeling. According to the results of analysis using the SSP scenarios, the urban area ratio increased slightly up to 2020 in SSP1 and up to 2030 in SSP2 and did not change any more subsequently, but it increased continuously until 2050 in SSP3 that assumed low level urban planning. These results on change in land use are expected to contribute towards making reasonable decisions and policies on climate change, and the outcomes of simulation derived from spatial downscaling, if applied to vulnerability assessment, will be useful to set the priority of policies on climate change adaptation.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.49-59
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose a speech animation synthesis specialized in Korean through a rule-based co-articulation model. Speech animation has been widely used in the cultural industry, such as movies, animations, and games that require natural and realistic motion. Because the technique for audio driven speech animation has been mainly developed for English, however, the animation results for domestic content are often visually very unnatural. For example, dubbing of a voice actor is played with no mouth motion at all or with an unsynchronized looping of simple mouth shapes at best. Although there are language-independent speech animation models, which are not specialized in Korean, they are yet to ensure the quality to be utilized in a domestic content production. Therefore, we propose a natural speech animation synthesis method that reflects the linguistic characteristics of Korean driven by an input audio and text. Reflecting the features that vowels mostly determine the mouth shape in Korean, a coarticulation model separating lips and the tongue has been defined to solve the previous problem of lip distortion and occasional missing of some phoneme characteristics. Our model also reflects the differences in prosodic features for improved dynamics in speech animation. Through user studies, we verify that the proposed model can synthesize natural speech animation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.315-322
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• 2002

최근에 경험적 지식을 체계화하는 방법으로 사례기반추론(CBR: Case Based Reasoning) 및 규칙기반추론(RBR: Rule Based Reasoning)이 여러 분야에서 이용되고 있다. CBR과 RBR이 각각 활용되기도 하지만 문제 해결의 정확성을 높이기 위해 복합된 형태로 사용되기도 하고, 흑은 효과적으로 문제를 해결하기 위해 문제 해결 단계별로 각각 사용되기도 한다 또한 데이터에서 지식을 추출하기 위한 세부 알고리즘으로는 인공지능과 통계적 분석기법 등이 활발하게 연구 및 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 모니터의 핵심 부품인 섀도우마스크(Shadow Mask)를 개발하는데 있어 도면 협의부터 설계가지의 과정에 CBR과 RBR을 활용하고 발생되는 데이터를 이용하여 진화(Evolution)하는 지식기반시스템(Knowledge Based System)으로 구축하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 특히 도면 협의시 인터넷상에 웹서버 시스템을 통하여 규격 (User Spec.)을 생성하고 이를 이용하여 자동으로 도면이 설계되도록 하고 저장된 사례들을 공유할 수 있도록 하여 도면 검토 시간이 단축되고 검토의 정확성을 기할 수 있어 실패비용을 감소시켰다. 그리고 실제 설계시 CBR과 RBR을 활용하여 자동설계를 할 수 있게 하였고 현장에서 발생되는 데이터를 지식화하여 유사사례 설계가 가능하도록 하였다. 지식기반시스템은 신속한 도면 검토가 가능하므로 인원 활용이 극대화되고, 섀도우 마스크 설계자와 마스터 패턴 설계자 사이의 원활한 의사소통을 통해 고객과의 신뢰성 확보와 신인도 향상을 기대할 수 있는 효과가 있다. 그리고 고급설계자에게만 의지되어온 것을 어느 정도 해결할 수 있고, 신입설계자에게는 훌륭한 교육시스템이 될 수 있다.한 도구임을 입증하였다는 점에서 큰 의의를 갖는다고 하겠다.운 선용품 판매 및 관련 정보 제공 등 해운 거래를 위한 종합적인 서비스가 제공되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 본문에서는 e-Marketplace의 효율적인 연계 방안에 대해 해운 관련 업종별로 제시하고 있다. 리스트 제공형, 중개형, 협력형, 보완형, 정보 연계형 등이 있는데, 이는 해운 분야에서 사이버 해운 거래가 가지는 문제점들을 보완하고 업종간 협업체제를 이루어 원활한 거래를 유도할 것이다. 그리하여 우리나라가 동북아 지역뿐만 아니라 세계적인 해운 국가 및 물류 ·정보 중심지로 성장할 수 있는 여건을 구축하는데 기여할 것이다. 나타내었다.약 1주일간의 포르말린 고정이 끝난 소장 및 대장을 부위별, 별 종양개수 및 분포를 자동영상분석기(Kontron Co. Ltd., Germany)로 분석하였다. 체의 변화, 장기무게, 사료소비량 및 마리당 종양의 개수에 대한 통계학적 유의성 검증을 위하여 Duncan's t-test로 통계처리 하였고, 종양 발생빈도에 대하여는 Likelihood ration Chi-square test로 유의성을 검증하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률은 84%(Group 3; 21/25례)로써 I3C 100ppm 및 300ppm을 투여한 경우에 있어서는 각군 모두 60%(Group 1; 12/20 례, Group 2; 15/25 례)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.166-180
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• 2000

Recommendations of ITU-T and ISO stipulate the managerial abstraction of static and dynamic characteristics of network elements, management functions as well as management communication protocol. The current recommendations provide the formal mechanism for the structural parts of managed objects such as managed object class and attributes. But the current description method does not provide the formal mechanism for the behavioral characteristics of managed objects in clear manner but in natural language form, the complete specification of managed objects is not fully described. Also, the behaviour of managed objects is affected by their temporal and active properties. While the temporal properties representing periodic or repetitive internals are to describe managed objects behaviour in rather strict way, it will be more powerful if more dynamic temporal properties determined by external conditions are added to managed objects. In this paper, we added dynamic features to scheduling managed objects, and described, in GDMO, scheduling managed objects that support dynamic features. We also described behaviour of managed objects in newly defined BDL that has dynamic temporal properties. This paper showed that dynamic temporal managed objects provide a systematic and formal method in agent management function model.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.275-295
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• 2011

Any attempt which requires banks to consider non-documentary conditions would destroy autonomy principle and increase the risks of the bank in L/C transactions. Therefore, non-documentary conditions are disregarded in the letter of credit. This provision was first introduced in UCP500, but later, ICC Position Paper No.3 added that if L/C requires documents related to non-documentary conditions, it cannot be disregarded. While the language in UCP600 is basically the same as that in UCP500, there is a difference between the two in that the former disregards the documents related to non-documentary conditions even if they are required by L/C. However, it should be remembered that international standard banking practice does not disregard all of non-documentary conditions. It recognizes the validity of some non-documentary conditions which it is not feasible to change into documentary conditions. That is, such non-documentary conditions as can be determined from an index specified in the guarantee or identified from the issuing bank's own records or their normal operations are recognized as valid in legal cases. ISP98 and UR00758 do not consider these as non-documentary conditions. The applicant should be cautious not to include non-documentary conditions in their applications.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.73-94
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• 2013

The necessity of shipping market information services has been on the rise which emphasizes the relevance of transaction information and market information to parties both in and outside the shipping industry. However, previous related researches have been restricted to explorations limited by the offerings of existing shipping market information providers. Users today require effective information, an efficient contents management system, interfacing to help the information provider, graphing and spread sheets to facilitate and present the analyzed information through diverse formats, and reliable web and mobile services to provide information effectively with limited human resources. As a first step, service information has to be defined, so that it takes into account user utility, information retrieval and data development. Second, benchmark information and services must be provided from leading shipbrokers and research institutes. Third, a review of the latest technical trends is required to identify the most suitable technologies for servicing shipping market information. Finally, analysis is required on the implementation of a system with selected technologies, as well as the development of channels to post information which have been analyzed by users. Such a process would enable the continual redefinition of the shipping market information users actively need. The application of an X-Internet based WCMS, with a single-window dashboard providing user-customized information, and used to obtain and manage processes, add spread sheets to sustain calculations using the latest information, graph results, and to input additional information following predefined rules. Access to data and use of the system would require agreement that the system will incorporate user data and user-analyzed information into the market report, web portal, and hybrid app to provide current shipping market information appropriately and accurately to service users.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.279-300
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• 2001

Data mining plays an important role in knowledge discovery process and usually various existing algorithms are selected for the specific purpose of the mining. Currently, data mining techniques are actively to the statistics, business, electronic commerce, biology, and medical area and currently numerous algorithms are being researched and developed for these applications. However, in a long run, only a few algorithms, which are well-suited to specific applications with excellent performance in large database, will survive. So it is reasonable to focus our effort on those selected algorithms in the future. This paper classifies about 30 existing algorithms into 7 categories - association rule, clustering, neural network, decision tree, genetic algorithm, memory-based reasoning, and bayesian network. First of all, this work analyzes systematic hierarchy and characteristics of algorithms and we present 14 criteria for classifying the algorithms and the results based on this criteria. Finally, we propose the best algorithms among some comparable algorithms with different features and performances. The result of this paper can be used as a guideline for data mining researches as well as field applications of data mining.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2714-2726
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• 1997

In this paper, adaptive symbol changes-based medical image compression method is presented. First, the differenctial image domain is obtained using the differentiation rules or obaptive predictors applied to original mdeical image. Also, the algorithm determines the context associated with the differential image from the domain. Then prediction symbols which are thought tobe the most probable differential image values are maintained at a high value through the adaptive symbol changes procedure based on estimates of the symbols with polarity coincidence between the differential image values to be coded under to context and differential image values in the model template. At the coding step, the differential image values are encoded as "predicted" or "non-predicted" by the binary adaptive arithmetic encoder, where a binary decision tree is employed. The simlation results indicate that the prediction hit ratios of differential image values using the proposed algorithm improve the coding gain by 25% and 23% than arithmetic coder with ISO JPEG lossless predictor and arithmetic coder with differentiation rules or adaptive predictors, respectively. It can be used in compression part of medical PACS because the proposed method allows the encoder be directly applied to the full bit-planes medical image without a decomposition of the full bit-plane into a series of binary bit-planes as well as lower complexity of encoder through using an additions when sub-dividing recursively unit intervals.