• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.256-263
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• 2008

Based on the analysis of criminal investigators' recognition of judicial autopsy, this study presented policy alternatives as follows. First, a procedure is needed that optometrists and investigators jointly make previous explanations to bereaved families the status of investigation and the results of examination to their satisfaction and collect their opinions, for the purpose of obtaining an agreement to autopsy from them. Second, the dignity of the dead should be kept. To this end, particular consideration should be given to women bodies. Also, we need to minimize the number of autopsy witnesses and obtain agreement from bereaved families when there is an on-the-spot study. Third, we need to establish a guideline that investigators could request a warrant later in certain cases of dead bodies. Also, if a bereaved family positively asks for autopsy, it should be allowed through tentatively named ‘Request for Autopsy.’ Finally, To make a careful decision on whether an autopsy should be made or not, we can form a joint investigation team of public prosecutors and criminal investigators; however, an autopsy should be done only if it is deemed inevitable, considering the bereaved family's opinion.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-150
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• 2009

The Article 17 (1) of the Medical Service Act states that no one but medical doctor, dentist or herb doctor shall prepare medical certificate, post-mortem examination, certificate or prescription. Though medical certificate, post-mortem examination or certificate is a private document issued by doctor personally, it is accepted as reliable as public document. Therefore, for medical certificate, post-mortem examination or certificate, unlike other private document to guarantee authenticipy of the content, the Article 233 of the Criminal Act states the Crime of Issuance of Falsified Medical Certificates. In other words, the Criminal Act Article 233 states that If a medical or herb doctor, dentist or midwife prepares false medical certificate, post-mortem examination or certificate life or death, one shall be punished by imprisonment or imprisonment without prison labor for not more than three years, suspension of qualifications for not more than seven years, or a fine not exceeding thirtht million won. The subject of the Crime of Issuance of Falsified Medical Certificates is only a medical or herb doctor, dentist or midwife and the eligibility requirements are specified in the Medical Service Act. Medical certificate is the medical document to be issued by medical doctor to certify the health status and show the Jugdement about the result of the diagnosis, Post-mortem examination is the document to be listed by medical doctor to confirm medically about human body or dead body, and Certificate life or death is a kind of medical certificate to verify the fact of birth or death, the cause of death, such as Birth Certificate, Certificate of Stillbirth or Certificate of Dead Fetus. To constitute the crime of Issuance of Falsified Medical Certificates, it is necessary for the contents of the certificate to be substantially contrary to the truth, as well as it is needed the subjective perception that the contents of the certificate are false. The Supreme Court Decision 2004DO3360 Delivered on March 23, 2006 declared that although the Defendant did not MRI scan, etc. for precise observation about the disability status of Mr Park, it was difficult to believe that the contents of the Disability Certificate of this case were contrary to the objective truth or the defendant had perception that the contents of the certificate were false. I don't agree with the Supreme Court Decision, because the Supreme Court confirmed the decision by the court below despite the Supreme Court should have made the court below retry the reason why the Defendant did not MRI scan, etc. for precise observation about the disability status of Mr Park.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

In developed and industrialized countries life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century. As a consequence, the proportion of elderly individuals in these countries has also enlarged with the resulting increased burden on health care providers. In many developing countries the problem of age related and other eye disorders has far outstripped the ability to manage them. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced an initiative: Vision 2020 - The Right to Sight, with the objective of eliminating preventable blindness by the year 2020. This paper reviews the broad range of conditions involving external and internal structures of the eye and also the effects of aging on visual functions. It is hoped that this will provide a stimulus for increased study of these disorders, improved clinical diagnosis, and an enhanced interest and role in contributing to the objectives of the WHO and the World Council of Optometry with respect to early diagnosis, prevention and management of the diseases and disorders of the eye that are more prevalent in old age.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 2004

Background : To examine the problems involved in writing practice of death certificates, we compared the determination of underlying cause of death for vital statistics using recorded underlying cause of death in issued death statistics. Methods : We collected 688 mortality certificates issue in year of 2,000 from 3 university hospitals. And we also collected vital statistics from ministry of statistics. The causes of death were coded by experienced medical record specialists. And causes of death determined at ministry of statistics for national vital statistics were mapped to causes of death recorded at each death certificates. The rate that underlying causes of death for vital statistics were derived from underlying causes of death recorded at issued death certificates were analysed. Results : 64.5% of underlying cause of death for could be derived from underlying cause of death recorded at issued death certificates, 8.6% derived from intermediate cause of death, and 3.9% derived from direct cause of death. In 23% of cases, underlying cause of death could not be derived using issued death certificates. The rate that underlying cause of death for vital statistics could be derived from underlying cause of death recorded at death certificates was different between 3 university hospitals. And the rate was also different between death certificates and postmortem certificates. We classified the causes of death using 21 major categories. The rate was different between diseases or conditions that caused death too. Conclusion : When we examined the correctness of death certificate writing practice using above methods, correctness of writing could not be told as satisfactory. There was difference in correctness of writing between hospitals, between death certificates and postmortem certificates, and between diseases and conditions that caused death. With this results, we suggested some strategy to improve the correctness of death certificate writing practice.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was investigated to evaluate the effect of the variation of the face form angle(FFA) of spectacle frame on the visual acuity and the visual function. Methods: The visual acuity, the contrast sensitivity, the stereopsis, and the phoria were measured with the spectacle frame whose the FFA is at $5^{\circ}$ and $25^{\circ}$ and the surveys were conducted on subjective symptoms. Here, 30 adults (14 men and 16 women, average age:$25.46{\pm}3.9$), who did not have ocular diseases and were fully corrected in case of having had refractive error, were to act as experimental subjects for this measurement. Results: The visual acuity and the contrast sensitivity was decreased and the phoria was tended to increase to the esophoria direction at the FFA $25^{\circ}$ than at the FFA $5^{\circ}$. The stereopsis was significantly reduced at the FFA $25^{\circ}$ than at the FFA $5^{\circ}$. Also when the FFA was larger, the higher the degree of refractive error was, the more the increase of the subjective symptoms such as being blurred characters, being disturbed head, and having sore eyes was, which reveals a statistically significant correlation between them. Conclusions: If the FFA increases, the visual acuity, the contrast sensitivity and the stereopsis was found to decrease and the phoria to increase to the esophoria direction. Therefore it shows that the variation of the FFA of spectacle frame can influence the visual acuity and the visual function.