• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.425-436
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• 2016

The Yakhyeon catholic church (Historic Site No. 252 in Korea) that was constructed in 1892 has been the first western brick structure to ever have existed and one of the most important historical materials in the Korean modern architecture. After a fire had broken out at the catholic church in 1998, the stained glass on the back wall, the slab glass (dalle de verre) introduced by Lee Nam Guy in 1974, was repaired in 1999 because of singe scorch and water leakage. An analysis of the coloration elements showed that yellow, red and green included Zn, K and Cd, respectively. The glass of red contained Se, dark green contained Mn and Cr, and blue contained Pb and S. According to material analysis, the masonry joint was identified dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$) and calcite ($CaCO_3$), which was observed plate, columnar, rhombic and square of crystalline particles. Meanwhile, ultrasonic velocity in the stained glass recorded low speed in the middle and lower right of the window (an average of 4,130 m/s). And the joint was measured the lowest physical properties of the top left and middle of the window (an average of 2,053 m/s). This study have showed that extensive physical damage was founded to the left and middle rather than the right side. In this respect, more research in needed to conserve the correlation between color and physical properties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2015

After the great King Munmu constructed Donggung-palace and Wolji-pond in 674, original landscape could not be estimated due to lack of related materials for some 1,250 years until it was surveyed in 1922. Accordingly, the study, to estimate changes of Wolji-pond landscape more accurately, analyzed the study of Hara(1932) and pictures in the Japanese ruling period etc. - these had not been studied so far. The study results are as follows. As a result of comparing survey maps of 1922 and one of 1975, it was found that during 53 years, whole area excluding island showed eroded part by 2~4m, severely, there was mounding area which was lowered by 10m. And it was identified through survey map of 1922 and pictures of the 1950's that inside southern shore protection of the No. 1 construction site were many landscape-stones(景石) which can make imagine a hill; here was water path. Trace of such path etc. remained just before excavation. 2) The construction site No. 3 and 5 in peak shape were higher than construction site No. 1, 2, and 4. Accordingly, there is high possibility that construction stood on high stylobate. So it is wrong that construction site No. 3 and 5 are restored in same height as other construction sites. Comprehensive restoration basic plan made in 2012 was also wrong. As a result of estimating changes of landscape through pictures before excavation of Wolji-pond, the author could identify changes of landscape in mound area and pumice stones which showed much changes in drawing. The study has limit due to lack of space. But if more pictures can be analyzed, it could further help for estimating original landscape of Wolji-pond.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.9-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to evaluate an accurate biotope area ratio model with efficiency and convenience of database management through promoting sustainable development to provide people amenities in a new town. In particular, the biotope area ratio is used not only in the environment impact assessment but Green building certification criteria. But now there is no any index map of biotope. So it is very hard to implement with data for supplement results. In this research, we suggest the model of integrated attributable information. The evaluation of biotope area ratio is to include a basic land use planning map and a building coverage area which is a wall of greening surface and roof. In case of non building coverage area, the evaluation of biotope area ratio is to include water space, artificial ground, natural ground and pervious gap-pave. A weighted value on the spatial information is combined into the information. And then the merged one is given a land use planning information in a block. In the weighted value on the space type information, it is possible to in its circumstances. Therefore, it can be substituted a correspondence of numerical change for various values elastically in this model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.73-78
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 서울시 한강에 위치한 교량을 대상으로 다양한 조망점에 따른 경관조명의 물리량을 측정하고 그 특성을 분석함으로써 동일한 연구대상에 대하여 조망점이 달라졌을 때 나타나는 물리적 변화를 통해 경관조명분야의 물리량평가방법론의 새로운 접근방법론을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위하여 연구대상의 선정은 교량구조형식에 따라 분류하고. 경관조명이 설치된 교량 17개소 중 다양한 조망점과 현장측정의 편리성 등을 고려하여 광진교(거더교), 올림픽대교(사장교), 동작대교(트러스교), 동작대교(아치교)를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 조망점은 한강둔치를 이용하는 방문객들이 바라보는 투시뷰, 교량주변 건축물에서 바라보는 건물뷰 그리고 교량 위를 이동하면서 바라보는 주행뷰로 구분하였다. 이러한 연구방법으로 도출된 결과는 동일한 경관조명연출을 토대로 교량별 조망점에 따른 휘도측정 및 분석에서 측정되는 각도, 거리, 방향에 따라 정형화된 비율은 아니지만 휘도값에 있어서 차이가 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 투시뷰와 건물뷰는 동일한 교량 구성요소를 갖고 있어 상호간 비교 분석이 가능하고 경관조명평가 요소로서 그 기능을 담당 할 수 있다고 판단되며, 주행뷰는 교량형식과 가로등의 영향을 많이 받으므로 평가요소로써 조망점을 활용하기에는 조금 더 깊은 연구가 선행되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 경관조명을 평가함에 있어 다양하게 바라보는 조망점은 조명연출로 인한 시각적 인식에 차이를 유발시킬 수 있어 경관조명을 평가할 때 다양한 조망점의 설정이 보다 객관적이고 정확한 분석이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.ridinium의 분포는 chlorophyll-a농도와 밀접한 관련성이 있었다. 담수적조의 현존량은 상류지역에서 $8.5\;{\times}\;10^3\;cell\;mL^L{-1}$로서 많았고, 댐부근의 하류지역($4.4\;{\times}\;10^2\;cell\;mL^L{-1}$)으로 갈수록 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 또한, 담수적조의 원인종으로 규조류 Synedra acus와 남조류 Microcystis aeruginosa도 소량관찰되었다. 저수지의 수질 부영양화 현상은 기존 경사사면형 농경지를 기반으로 조성되었으므로 저층으로부터 풍부한 영양환경을 내재하고 있었고, 담수 초기에 발생할 수 있는 가능성을 포함하고 있었다. 또한 유입수량의 부족과 현재 수질개선을 위해 적용하고 있는 수중폭기시설등의 물리적인 영향도 직 ${\cdot}$ 간접적으로 작용하였을 것으로 추정되었다 따라서 향후 이에 대한 중장기적인 모니터링이 필요하였고 유역과 저수지의 통합적인 수질관리계획 이 요구되었다.group으로, 용존산소량, 전기전도도, pH, 인산염이 정점 3, 4, 5에서 같은 group으로 묶였다.유의적인 CAT 활성 증가효과가 나타났고, 간조직의 시토졸 1획분에서는 대조군 대비 15${\sim}$27%의 CAT 활성 증가효과가 인정되었다. 이상의 결과에서 목초액의 장기간 투여는 간조직 중의 활성산소의 억제효과뿐만 아니라 방어시스템으로서 활성산소 제거효소의 역할도 충실히 수행하여 노화를 효과적으로 예방하고 억제할 수 있을 것으로 기

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the monumental expression of Korean War Memorials(KWM) in Korea(KWMK). Through site survey and internet searching, the researcher selected 17 KWMK and analyzed four analysis categories: contents, spatial form, landscape elements, sculptures and architectural elements. The results are as follows: 1. The analysis revealed that main contents of KWMK were to cherish victims of the Korean War, honor military merit, and explain Korean War. 2. Most KWMK built battlefield had the form of symmetry and spatial axis arranged monuments and sculptures for solemnity and heroism. Though the sites were terraced by traditional spatial order, spatial sequence wasn't seen except Yang-gu KWMK and Chumomyeongbi in United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea. 3. Stone monument-like towers, tablets, podium, monoliths, cenotaphs, and exhibit halls to explain Korean War and combat history were used as main elements of KWMK and also, war weapons were often displayed the flags of countries taking part in Korean War were raised with Taegeukgi and the United Nations flag. 4. Most sculptures were used as important media to represent the Korean War and assumed realistically the form of heroic combat. But a few architectural memorial built in recent were designed in contemporary style to have spatial sequence and represent Korean War symbolically and narratively. 5. In memorial culture, KWMK were strongly influenced by ideology and patriotism, impacted by conventional value, and designed by some sculptors and designers in a certain circle. Further study will be required to analyze the characteristics of KWMK in the point of design style and diachronic.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2022

In the cement industry, in order to reduce CO₂ emissions, technology for raw materials substitution and conversion, technology for improving process efficiency of utilizing low-carbon new heat sources, and technology for collecting and recycling process-generated CO₂ are being developed. In this study, we conducted a basic experiment to contribute to the development of CSC that can store CO₂ as carbonate minerals among process-generated CO₂ capture and recycling technologies. Three types of CSC clinker with different SiO₂/(CaO+SiO₂) molar ratios were prepared with the clinker raw material formulation, and the characteristics of the clinker were analyzed. As a result of analysis and observation of CSC clinker, wollastonite and rankinite were formed. In addition, as a result of the carbonation test of the CSC paste, it was confirmed that calcite was produced as a carbonation product. The lower the SiO₂/(CaO+SiO₂) molar ratio in the CSC clinker chemical composition, the lower the wollastonite production amount, and the higher the rankinite production amount. And the amount of calcite production increased with the progress of carbonation of the CSC paste specimen. It is judged that rankinite is more reactive in mineralizing CO₂ than wollastonite.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.319-328
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic and park use behaviors using on line posts. During the period of the pandemic prevention activities, text data containing both 'park' and 'depression' were collected from blogs and cafes in the search engine of Naver and Daum, then analyzed using Text Mining and Social Network techniques. As a result, the main usage behaviors of park users who mentioned depression were 'look', 'stroll(walk)' and 'eat'. Other types of behaviors were connected centering around 'look', one of the communication behaviors. Also, from CONCOR analysis, as the cluster referred from communication behavior and dynamic behavior was formed as a single behavior type, it was considered park users with depression perceived the park as the space for communication and physical activities. As the spread of COVID-19 caused the restriction of communication activities, the users might consider parks as one of the solutions. In addition, it was considered that passive usage behaviors have prevailed rather than active ones due to the depression. Resulting outcomes would be useful to plan helpful urban park for citizens. It is necessary to further analyze the park use behavior of users in relation to the period of before/after the COVID-19 pandemic and the existence/nonexistence of depression.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2021

'Cheonunjeongsa (天雲精舍)', designated as Gyeongsangbukdo Folklore Cultural Property No. 76, is a Siksanjeongsa built in 1700 by Manbu Lee Shiksan. In this study, we investigate the life and perspective of Manbu Lee in relation to Siksanjeongsa, and estimate the feng shui location, territoriality, and original landscape by analyzing 「Nuhangnok」 and 「Nuhando」, the results of his political management. The following results were derived by examining the philosophy that the scholar wanted to include in his space. First, Manbu Lee Shiksan was a representative hermit-type confucian scholar in the late Joseon Dynasty. 'Siksan', the name of the government official and the nickname of Manbu Lee, is derived from the mountain behind the village, and he wanted to rest in the four areas of thought(思), body(躬), speech(言), and friendship(交). During the difficult years of King Sukjong, Lee Manbu of a Namin family expressed his will to seclude through the title 'Siksan'. Second, There is a high possibility of restoration close to the original. Manbu Lee recorded the location of Siksanjeongsa, spatial structure, buildings and landscape facilities, trees, surrounding landscape, and usage behaviors in 「Nuhangnok」, and left a book of 《Nuhangdo》. Third, Manbu Lee refers to the feng shui geography view that Oenogok is closed in two when viewed from the outside, but is cozy and deep and can be seen from a far when entering inside. The whole village of Nogok was called Siksanjeongsa, which means through the name. It can be seen that the area was formed and expanded. Fourth, the spatial composition of Siksanjeongsa can be divided into a banquet space, an education space, a support space, a rest space, a vegetable and an herbal garden. The banquet space composed of Dang, Lu, and Yeonji is a personal space where Manbu Lee, who thinks about the unity of the heavenly people, the virtue of the gentleman, and humanity, is a place for lectures and a place to live. Fifth, Yangjeongjae area is an educational space, and Yangjeongjae is a name taken from the main character Monggwa, and it is a name that prayed for young students to grow brightly and academically. Sixth, the support space composed of Ganjijeong, Gobandae, and Sehandan is a place where the forested areas in the innermost part of Siksanjeongsa are cleared and a small pavilion is built using natural standing stones and pine trees as a folding screen. The virtue and grace of stopping. It contains the meaning of leisure and the wisdom of a gentleman. Seventh, outside the wall of Siksanjeongsa, across the eastern stream, an altar was built in a place with many old trees, called Yeonggwisa, and a place of rest was made by piling up an oddly shaped stone and planting flowers. Eighth, Manbu Lee, who knew the effects of vegetables and medicinal herbs in detail like the scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, cultivated a vegetable garden and an herbal garden in Jeongsa. Ninth, it can be seen that Lee Manbu realized the Neo-Confucian utopia in his political life by giving meaning to each space of Siksanjeongsa by naming buildings and landscaping facilities and planting them according to ancient events.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2016

아연계 도금 강판은 우수한 내식성을 가지며 특히 아연의 희생방식기구에 의해 철의 부식을 억제하므로 선박, 건축자재, 전자기기 및 자동차 등 다양한 분야에서 그 수요와 사용범위가 증가하고 있다. 또한 도금 조성비 변화 및 다양한 표면처리 방법을 통해 가혹한 환경에서의 우수한 내식성에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그 중 갈바륨(Galvalume)은 55%의 알루미늄(Al)과 45%의 아연(Zn)으로 되어 있으며, 아연의 장점인 희생방식성과 내알카리성, 알루미늄의 장점인 내구성과 내열성, 내산성을 이상적으로 결합시킨 알루미늄(Al)-아연(Zn) 고내식 합금용융도금강판이다. 본 연구에서는 갈바륨 소재를 여러 산업현장에서 강관 형태로 사용할 경우의 내식성을 파악하기 위해 갈바륨 강관과 기존에 사용되고 있는 용융도금재인 용융아연도금 강관을 비교하며 실험을 진행하였다. 냉간압연강관에 용융아연도금 약 $25{\mu}m$, 갈바륨 약 $20{\mu}m$ 두께로 제작된 강관을 사용하였으며 제작된 도금층 표면 모폴로지는 SEM을 통해 관찰하였고, XRD 분석을 통해 결정 구조를 확인하였다. 또한 5% 염수분무 환경 중 노출시험(Salt spray test), 3% NaCl 용액에서의 자연침지 시험 및 3% NaCl 용액 중 전기화학적 양극분극 시험을 진행하여 평가하였다. 5% NaCl 환경에서의 염수분무 시험 결과 용융아연도금의 경우 단면에서는 90시간, 표면에서는 260시간 경과 후 적청이 발생하였다. 반면, 갈바륨의 경우에는 단면에서 210시간 경과 후에 적청이 발생하였고, 표면의 경우에는 900시간 이상에서도 적청이 발생하지 않았다. 이 결과를 통해 용융아연도금에 비해 갈바륨 도금의 내식성이 단면에서는 3배, 표면에서는 4~5배 이상 향상된 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 3% NaCl 용액 중 자연침지 시험 결과 용융아연도금 강관 표면은 24시간 경과 후 열화부를 중심으로 흑변하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으나 갈바륨의 경우에는 900시간 이상 실험이 진행되는 동안 No Scribe 및 Scribe 시편 모두 외관상 변화가 거의 없었다. 단면의 경우, 용융아연도금 시편은 900시간 이상 실험이 진행되는 동안 외관상 변화가 없었으며, 갈바륨 시편의 경우 300시간 경과 하면서 흰색의 아연 부식생성물이 나타났으나 900시간 이후로도 적청은 발생하지 않았다. 자연전위 측정결과 용융아연도금 및 갈바륨 시편 모두 유사한 전위거동을 나타냈지만 단면의 경우 갈바륨 시편이 용융아연도금에 비해 안정적인 거동을 보였다. 3% NaCl 용액 중 전기화학적 양극 분극 시험 결과 용융아연도금이 갈바륨에 비해 귀한 방향의 부식 전위 값을 나타냈으며, 부식 전류밀도도 용융아연도금이 갈바륨에 비해 더 높은 값을 나타내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 염수분무시험, 자연침지시험 및 전기화학적 양극분극시험을 통해 종합적으로 분석-고찰하여 보면, 그 부식이 진행되는 과정은 융융아연도금과 달리 갈바륨 도금의 경우가 다단계적인 부식 과정을 거치면서 우수한 내식 특성을 나타낸다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 갈바륨 도금은 그 도금 막에 분포된 합금상 원소 성분들이 상호 갈바닉(Galvanic) 작용하며 형성된 부식생성물이 수평적으로 자체 차단(Barrier) 역할을 하는 과정과 부분적 부식-회복 과정을 거치면서 다단계적으로 부식속도를 감소시키게 된다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to draw reasonable management plans to reinforce essence of Ohyundan(五賢壇: Five sprit tablets), a sacred site and monument of Jeju, by investigating and analyzing current status and problems of cultural landscape elements(e.g. architectural structures, installation, letters carved on the rocks, actual vegetation, etc.) while grasping placeness contained in Ohyundan through consideration of its history and transition process of Ohyundan a future being and shrine of Gyulrim Seowon(橘林書院) in Jeju. Results derived from research are summarized as follows. Ohyundan is noted due to its placeness in that it was a place for Gyulrim Seowon, Jeju's one and only Saaek Seowon(賜額書 院) and it was a symbolic space of exile culture in Jeju. As it is inferred from Gyulrim Seowon, which is dangho(堂號: clan name) of Seowon, orchards surrounding all over places are a signature landscape element that shows placeness of the past Ohyundan. Joduseok(俎豆石: altar stone), representing a core installation of Ohyundan and ancestral tablet of five spirits, created a refined place by putting up common stones around altar and founding blocked stones to wall. This refinement and thrift served basic mind of Neo-Confucianism, and led to of Jeju's Jonyang mind(spend-thrift mind). In conclusion, a practice plan is a prerequisite to restore essence of Ohyundan by actively excluding installations not suitable for placeness or overly designed such as Jeju Hyangrodang(a center for the elderly) and numerous monument houses. On the other hand, together with Joduseok, as letters carved on the rocks such as 'Jeungjoo Byukrip(曾朱壁立)' and 'Gwangpoongdae(光風臺)' and Yoocheonseok serve as a signature landscape that well shows mind of five spirits and teaching of Neo-Confucianism, and also a trace from a confucian viewpoint deeply rooted in Jeju, they are judged as a cultural landscape corresponding to the essence of place in Ohyundan which requires proactive preservation and plans for public relations. Together with this, although many different old big trees such as Pinus densiflora , Pinus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Celtis sinenis, Zelkova serrata and Rhus succedanea are a landscape element that increases sacred Ohyundan and commemorative value, now required is thorough entity tree management by assigning serial number on them as many of them were dead or removed resulting from transition process of land use. Further, to reinforce quality of site location belonging to Gyulrim Seowon, a prerequsite is to review plans that create Gyulrim at reinstalled site of building and raw land.