• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.11
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

Excavated lacquer wares can be divided into waterlogged lacquer wares supersatuated with moisture and dry lacquer wares with little moisture. This conservation was done with dry damaged lacquer wares excavated from Daho-ri. Lacquer ware artifacts with lacquer fragments and no surface material remaining were processed using the three following methods. The three methods are reinforcing while sustaining three-dimensional form; reinforcing with earth after cleansing so that fragments are revealed due to weak lacquer fragments; and reinforcing the whole lacquer ware or parts by connecting and supporting missing parts with rayon paper, an artificial fiber paper, if the form cannot be sustained only with lacquer fragments.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.21
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• pp.49-58
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• 2007

Among the treatment results of test samples of the antique lacquer-ware, the treatment with PEG#3,350 40% solution displayed excellent effect with low shrinkage ratio; in weight gain the treatment with Sucrose 19%+Glycerin 1%(t-butanol 5% in water) solution showed consistent increase. However during the impregnation process of Sucrose, the weight of the testing samples decreased by dehydration because the inner part of the test samples and the treatment solution showed concentration gradient. Therefore, we concluded longer impregnation period should be necessary to prevent dehydration. Since both higher and lower molecular weight treatment chemicals could penetrate into the wood of the lacquer-ware, air drying and conditioning after impregnation treatment with high concentration chemicals would be possible, as well as vacuum freeze-drying.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

From the low swamp remains in Sinchang-dong, Gwangju, a number of wooden lacquerware along with various wooden artifacts were excavated. These excavated lacquerware have deteriorated and weak wooden parts and the lacquer layer come off from the wooden parts; they are very likely to peel off and crack. Therefore, we impregnated the lacquerware in PEG#4000 40% solution that was effective for vacuum freeze drying and finished freeze-drying below 0°…. We compared the weight of wood and lacquerware right after the freeze-drying with the weight after leaving them in a airtight space with 60% RH (relative humidity). The comparison results showed no change in weight; thereby we confirmed controlling the finishing temperature during freeze-drying could control the moisture in wood after drying and it could stabilize wood against the change in moisture in the atmosphere. according to the analysis of the lacquer fragment, the base layer was pasted on the wooden surface with mixed black pigment and the upper layer was pasted three or four times with the mixture of lacquer and black pigment; or it was pasted without the black base coating.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.5
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• pp.37-41
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• 2004

The immersed ancient wood relics excavated from the low swampy area of historic site in Shinchangdong, Gwangju are extremely weak. Since they are quickly dried inducing shrinkage when exposed to air, special preservative treatment is required to exhibit and preserve such items. In the case of the heavily varnished lacquerware such as the lacquered sheaths, in particular, it is extremely difficult to preserve them because chemicals are not easily penetrated and the coating might swell or come off during the process of coating. The lacquer sheaths have been preserved by carrying out freeze-drying after impregnating them in aqueous solution with low concentration of PEG#4000 40%.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.8
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• pp.41-47
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• 2007

The wooden lacquer wares, which had excavated from the water reservoir in the Isong Sansung Fortress, were applied with vacuum freeze drying method and treated, after they had been substituted with tbutanol, and treated with PEG-pretreatment. The manufacturing technique, which had not been investigated in the past, was examined through the investigation of the wood and the lacquer used for wooden lacquer wares, and the pieces of the lacquer wares, which had been stored for a long time, were restored for the exhibition and conservation. As the result, the wooden lacquer wares were manufactured, using black alder belonging to the group of Alnus, and the lacquer was painted on the bottom-layer by mixing the powdered soil and lacquer, and it was confirmed that the lacquer mixed with the black pigment and the pure lacquer had been painted alternatively over 2 times, and that the wooden lacquer ware had been manufactured through total 5 times of being painted.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.7
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

The wooden armor frame and various lacquerware artifacts excavated from the low swamp remains in Imdang, Gyeongsan have very weak material and lacquer coating; in case they are exposed in the air, they are likely to be shrunken and deformed immediately. The wooden armor frame has large size and it might be dissolved during freeze-drying. The lacquer coating of lacquerware blocks the penetration of chemicals and it is very likely to swell or peel off during the treatment. Therefore, to prevent the dissolution during vacuum freeze-drying, the wooden armor frame was replaced with t-butanol and impregnated in t-butanol solution with PEG#3, 350 43%, and lacquerware was impregnated in PEG#3, 350 40% solution at room temperature and freeze-dried. According to the analysis of the lacquer fragment from the lacquerware, the lid and the mounted cup was pasted with the mixture of lacquer and black pigment (soot) on the base layer after the first coating and pasted two or three times more with natural lacquer; the red lacquered wooden cup was pasted with the mixture of lacquer and black pigment on the base layer and pasted once on the middle layer. The top lacquer (red) was pasted with the mixture of iron oxide(Fe₂O₃).

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.12
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• pp.89-92
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• 2011

Wooden object lacquerware and grass made object excavated were discovered in water. The object can be dry gradually for a long time when it is not kept at water evaporation. Wooden area of wet lacquerware wet organic materials mmersed kept lacquer only on the exterior after being decayed, and most of grass made object were adhered to the earth. In this study, the author preserved lacquerware and grass made equipment at Dahori Changwon that were relics in the Iron Age by using bees wax, rayon pper and layering technique. And, the author could remove ware from the earth to conserve lacquer and grass made object.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2015

Specific techniques and materials in conservation of traditional lacquer has not been transmitted. This study aims to compare the basic characteristics of the filler which used in the base layer of lacquer conservation. Tohoe(a mixture of lacquer and Clay) and the three kinds of additives which is mixed with Tohoe and Goksu(a mixture of lacquer, wood powder and rice starch) are estimated in drying rate, impact resistance, abrasion. Among those samples, the more amount of clay causes fast dryness speed and worse cracks on the surface. The impact resistance is weakened at high amount of clay. There is no significant differences of impact resistance between both additives that is mixed with the samples and additives. The samples that are mixed with Goksu and additives show high impact resistance. In the polishing test, the more amount of filling powders show higher grinding degree and the sample that are mixed with wood powder and charcoal show higher degree as well. The highest grinding degree is Maekchil and Goksu but the lowest one is the sample of the rooftile powder mixture.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2020

To compare the cleaning effect of solvents such as water and ethanol used to clean lacquer relics, the components extracted with various solvents were analyzed. A freshly dried lacquer sample and a lacquer sample exposed to ultraviolet radiation for 24 days were treated with water, ethanol, acetone, and hexane, and the dissolved material was detected by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount extracted was significantly higher in acetone and ethanol than in hexane, a nonpolar solvent. Water, a highly polar solvent, was relatively efficient for extracting low-molecular-weight materials. After experiencing 24 days of ultraviolet radiation, the lacquer exhibited a significant increase of extracted materials compared with the nonexposed one. This may be due to the degradation of the urushiol chain in the form of polymers, resulting in the formation of low-molecular-weight polar substances, including dicarboxylic acids. In addition to the deterioration status of lacquer relics, such solvent extraction properties will be a crucial consideration in selecting the appropriate cleaning solvent.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.610-621
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• 2018

In conservation treatment lacquer has been used variously as a restoration material. However, dealing with Lacquer is very difficult as it dried in high humidity that can be harmful to the base materials. Also being natural varnish, dried lacquer layer is very different from the drying condition and the quality of the lacquer. These make difficult to predict the result of drying lacquer. In this study, using the humidity control machine, firstly, the main contents of the two different type of lacquer was experimented. And these lacquers was cured in various conditions. The duration time was checked until totally hardened. After that, obtained lacquer layers was analyzed to understand optical properties. Therefore, this study made a result about the relationship between characteristics of lacquer layer and the hardening condition. As a result, duration time of the Korean lacquer drying which has average 13.4% more urushiol than the Chinese lacquer is recorded a twice or triple decrease over it of the Chinese one. And, in all types of lacquer, the higher humidity makes the faster a pace of lacquer dried. In same lacquer, the shorter the duration time of drying lacquer is much darker and glossier. However, gloss deteriorated in saturated humidity. In humidity lower than RH 70%, lacquer is not hardened in 336 hours. When the layer totally cured through long period more than 30 days, the drying lacquer is appeared high brightness and almost transparent. Thus, in lower than RH 70%, it is hard to obtain durable layer.