• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.182-195
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• 2003

Background: Marriage is one of the major life events and the primary source of individual happiness and meaning of life. It is not possible to predict who will marry whom and which marriage will be successful. Marital adjustment has significant influences on an individual and relationship functioning and is associated with mental health. Good marital quality may imply good general relationship. There are several factors that correlate with or predict good marital quality. Especially individual personality factors may be a major factor in achieving and maintaining marital stability, satisfaction and happiness. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between dyadic adjustment and personality dimensions in urban married women. Methods: Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to 215 married women. Data analysis was based on 170 women who provided reliable informations. The descriptive statistics of demographic data and 4 scales were obtained. Then the possible relationships between each data were tested by calculating Pearson's product moment correlations. To test the effects of depression and anxiety on dyadic adjustment, stepwise multiple regression analysis was done. Results: Age and length of marriage were negatively correlated with affectional expression and dyadic cohesion. Educational level was positively correlated with total dyadic adjustment score and dyadic satisfaction. Family income was positively correlated with total dyadic adjustment score, dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction and dyadic cohesion. Different family type showed different total dyadic adjustment score, dyadic satisfaction and dyadic cohesion. Psychoticism was negatively correlated with total dyadic adjustment score, dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, affectional expression and dyadic cohesion. Neuroticism was negatively correlated with total dyadic adjustment score, dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction and affectional expression. Extraversion and lie were not correlated with any factors. Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were negatively correlated with total dyadic adjustment score, dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, affectional expression and dyadic cohesion. The result of multiple regression analysis indicated that psychoticism was correlated with dyadic adjustment. Conclusion: These results showed that the demographic factors such as age, length of marriage, educational level, family income and family type were significantly correlated with dyadic adjustment. Psychoticism and neuroticism measured by Eysenck Personality Inventory were significantly correlated with dyadic adjustment. But the correlations with extraversion and lie were not significant. Especially correlation between neuroticism and dyadic adjustment seemed to be mediated by emotional state such as depression and anxiety. These findings suggest that personality factors may be involved in marital relationship and that clinician must consider personality aspect in dealing with marital problems. Future study about differences between control group and psychiatric patient group will be needed.

• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2009

This study examines the changes of income, everyday life and living condition of consumer in the aftermath of financial crisis. In this period financial crisis was the crucial factor behind various social problems such as the dissolution of families and individuals. This research explores the range and degree of impact on individuals and social groups after the financial crisis. We explore the social mobility in terns of maintaining middle class and falling into the lower class measured by middle class identification. The 60% of the middle class before the financial crisis maintained the middle class position and the rest of people left out of middle class and fell into lower class. The 60% of those who has been maintained and has just became the members of middle class were college - educated people. The great part of people whose income and assets has increased after financial crisis belongs to college - educated group. Many of those whose income have decreased belong to the high school educated group and blow, the older than 50 years old, self - employed without employee and unpaid family employee. Those whose income and assets decreased and those who experienced downward mobility have undergone changes in everyday life and living conditions as a consumer. Many of them experienced the unemployment, nonpayment or credit - delinquency, dissolution of family, worsening health condition, depression, feeling the impulse to commit suicide simultaneously. The poor consumer disposition, reduction of living expenses, sound consumer culture have expanded to people since economic crisis. The middle class reported that the cost of private education often goes beyond the family ability to pay. The lower class has suffered from the cost of living. In a meanwhile luxury goods preference, consumer consciousness for status symbol have continuously increased among all the classes since 1997. Thus fluctuations of one's income and social mobility during past 10 years were some of the major determinants which brought about the various damaging life events, changes of living conditions and everyday lives as a consumer.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2003

Sleep stages have been useful indicator to check a person's comfortableness in a sleep, But the traditional method of scoring sleep stages with polysomnography based on the integrated analysis of the electroencephalogram(EEG), electrooculogram(EOG), electrocardiogram(ECG), and electromyogram(EMG) is too restrictive to take a comfortable sleep for the participants, While the sympathetic nervous system is predominant during a wakefulness, the parasympathetic nervous system is more active during a sleep, Cardiovascular function is controlled by this autonomic nervous system, So, we have interpreted the heart rate variability(HRV) among sleep stages to find a simple method of classifying sleep stages, Six healthy male college students participated, and 12 night sleeps were recorded in this research, Sleep stages based on the "Standard scoring system for sleep stage" were automatically classified with polysomnograph by measuring EEG, EOG, ECG, and EMG(chin and leg) for the six participants during sleeping, To extract only the ECG signals from the polysomnograph and to interpret the HRV, a Sleep Data Acquisition/Analysis System was devised in this research, The power spectrum of HRV was divided into three ranges; low frequency(LF), medium frequency(MF), and high frequency(HF), It showed that, the LF/HF ratio of the Stage W(Wakefulness) was 325% higher than that of the Stage 2(p＜.05), 628% higher than that of the Stage 3(p＜.001), and 800% higher than that of the Stage 4(p＜.001), Moreover, this ratio of the Stage 4 was 427% lower than that of the Stage REM (rapid eye movement) (p＜.05) and 418% lower than that of the Stage l(p＜.05), respectively, It was observed that the LF/HF ratio decreased monotonously as the sleep stage changes from the Stage W, Stage REM, Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, to Stage 4, While the difference of the MF/(LF+HF) ratio among sleep Stages was not significant, it was higher in the Stage REM and Stage 3 than that of in the other sleep stages in view of descriptive statistic analysis for the sample group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.467-475
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to assess doses to ¹⁸F-FDG, a radioactive drug, during PET examinations, to alleviate anxiety about radiation in patients and carers, to minimize the indiscriminate examination progress caused by medical institution personnel and space clearance problems, and health examination. The dose assessment was measured using a thermo-fluorescent dosimeter (TLD) and an electronic personal dosimeter (EPD) at the location of the cervical (hypothyroid), thorax (heart), and lower abdomen (breeding line) which are the three highest tissue areas of the radiation tissue weighting. In addition, spatial dose rates and radioactivity in urine were measured using GM counters and ion boxes. The results are as follows: First, the personal dosimeter TLD was measured 0.0425±0.0277 mSv in the cervical region, 0.0440±0.0386 mSv in the thorax and 0.0485±0.0436 mSv in the lower abdomen, with little difference in the heart dose depending on radiation sensitivity. The EPD was measured at 0.942±0.141 mSv/h immediately after the cervical position, and 0.192±0.031 mSv/h after 120 minutes. Immediately after the thorax position, 0.516±0.085 mSv/h, 120 minutes later 0.128±0.040 mSv/h. Immediately after the lower abdomen position, 0.468±0.091 mSv/h, and after 120 minutes 0.105±0.021 mSv/h were measured. The spatial dose rate at the GM counter was measured immediately at 0.041±0.005 mSv/h, 120 minutes later at 0.014±0.002 mSv/h. The radioactivity in urine using ion chamber was measured at 0.113±0.24 MBq/cc after 60 minutes and 0.063±0.13 MBq/cc after 120 minutes. As a result, ¹⁸F-FDG should be administered, dose re-evaluated two hours after the PET test is completed, and caregivers should be avoided. In addition, it is deemed necessary to provide patients and carers with sufficient explanations and expected values of exposure dose to avoid reckless testing. It is hoped that the data tested in this study will help patients and families relieve anxiety about radiation, and that the radiation workers' exposure management system and institutional improvements will contribute to the development of medical radiation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2020

Since industrialization, the production and utilization of various chemicals has contributed to improving the quality of our lives, but the subsequent discharge of massive waste is inevitable, and environmental pollution is becoming more serious every day. Exposure to chemicals as a result of environmental pollution is having a negative effect on human health and the ecosystem, and cleaning up the polluted environment that can affect our lives is a very important issue. Toxic aromatic compounds have been detected frequently in soil, groundwater, and wastewater because of the extensive use of oil products, and phenol, which is used to produce synthetic resins, textiles, and dyes, is one of the major pollutants, along with insecticides and preservatives. Phenol can cause dyspnea, headache, vomiting, mutation, and carcinogenesis. Phenol-degrading bacterium DWB-1-8 was isolated from the activated sludge of textile wastewater; this strain was identified as Comamonas testosteroni by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The optimal culture conditions for the cell growth and degradation of phenol were 0.7% K₂HPO₄, 0.6% NaH₂PO₄, 0.1% NH₄NO₃, 0.015% MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.001% FeSO₄·7H₂O, an initial pH of 7, and a temperature of 30℃. The strain was also able to grow by using other toxic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, or xylene (BTX), as the sole source of carbon.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.24 no.2 s.88
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

This paper examines the situation and tasks of UK rail privatization, especially focusing on after the Hatfield rail accident. Earlier research which focused on the UK's Privatization had little knowledge of the explanations for recent changes. Moreover they had difficulty making a direct comparison between national rail and the privatized rail. Therefore we aye left without a good explanation which has a comprehensive perspective. I attempt to show the change in the rail privatization Process and its outcome, focusing on after the Hatfield rail accident. This Paper argues that the UK's vail privatization process has a regulatory framework which is too complicated with overlapping responsibilities that brought about inefficiency, increasing costs and a superficial safety regime. Especially the planning of rail and infrastructure maintenance did not come to play an appropriate role. However after 2000, the government took charge of setting the strategy for railways, and the Office of Rail Regulation covered safety performance and cost. explain that these changes present a good opportunity to solve the problem of passing the buck for poor performance. Through the analysis, I find that the passenger rail network is well-suited to deliver long distance business and commuters and that the subsidy from the government is decreasing. However, performance, for example punctuality and reliability. should be improved. Especially the Hatfield rail accident caused a reduction in the satisfaction of passengers. In future. the problems of rising costs and monopoly franchise system should be addressed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-358
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• 2004

In Mongolia which consists of nomadic populations, horse has been loved by nomads and considered most important transportation means. Horses have been used when they were making long journey looking for new plain ground for grazing. Therefore, horse is closely connected with Mongolian nomadic culture. In Korea, too, horses had been considered one of most important means for transportation and military. The symbolism of horse that is represented in both Mongolia and Korea is Heavenly Horse which communicates with the God and it was sanctified as a Sacrificing Horse which was sent to God for sacrifice, and it was even worshiped as Divine Horse, the diety. As is the case of two of Mongolian customs associated with Mongolian language are 'the ceremony of horse's giving birth her young' and 'the ceremony of letting the mare go where it was before', all the cases are related with cattle's milk. The ceremony of 'horse's giving birth her young' is the ceremony where people hope that they would see the young can grow well which were born in early summer thus increasing the numbers of horse. To go with this, they perform a ceremony of Chachal in which they sprinkle the best quality white milk which is the symbol of good luck and hope they would produce plentiful of dairy products. The ceremony of 'letting the mare go where it was before' is also the ceremony where people hope to have many new born young horses thus produce more dairy products and Airag for the next year as milking is no more available for that you. Since the unified Silla Era, Koreans have performed a sacrifice rituals to horse in auspicious day. It's purpose is to see their horses get no disease and bear as many youngs as possible. The Back Ins Je, one of well blown festivals in Jeju Island, was originated from people's wish to prosper in stock farming. It can be said that the custom of Korea and Mongolia related with horse's giving birth was originated from the wishes to god for fertility and fecundity. On top of that, while Mongolians sprinkled horse's milk both on the ground and to the air hoping they would have increased houses and, thus, secure many dairy products, Koreans wish that they would see the increased number of horses and their healthy conditions through heavenly rituals.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.4 s.42
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• pp.67-84
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate nutrient intake, dietary self-efficacy, and physical activity self-efficacy of elementary school students by obesity index in Gyeongbuk area. The survey was conducted from June 7 to June 18 in 2005. The study was peformed by analyzing a questionnaire answered by 523 elementary school student in 5th and 6th grade. The obesity index was gained by height and weight data. Nutrient intakes was evaluated by 24hr-dietary record. Statistical data analysis were completed using the SPSS 12.0 program. The results were summarized as follows; The result of the body measurement was that 31.7% of underweight group, 45.1% of normal group, 12.8% of overweight group, 10.3% of obese group. 13.9% of underweight group experienced weight control, and 17.5% of the subject respond they will try the weight control in the future. Male students showed significantly higher exercise frequency than female students(p<0.001). Male underweight group and female obese group show the highest exercise frequency. Daily energy intake of the subject showed 80.1% in male students and 87.5% in female students revealed under the recommended dietary allowance(RDA) for Korean. The intake ratio of energy nutrients was identical in male and female of underweight group and obese group, so this showed that intake style was similar in two groups. By investigating through MAR(mean adequacy ratio), underweight group of male students and both normal and overweight group of female students were lowest, while overweight group of male students and underweight group of female students were the highest. Physical activity self-efficacy of male students was higher than female students, and physical activity self-efficacy by obesity index was higher in underweight group of male students and obese group in female.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.226-236
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• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the biological activities and main constituents of different parts (fruit, leaf, and stem) of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa). The total phenolic and flavonoidcontents, DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were observed to follow the order of: leaves > stems > fruits, regardless of extraction solvents. The inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in Raw 264.7 cells was significantly higher in the aronialeaf extract-treated group than in the groups treated with stem and fruit extracts. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis was mainly composed of routine. In addition, the highest content level was measured in the case of the catechinmemberepigallocatechin witha higher value than that found in green tea. Theresults of this studyprovide useful information for understanding the chemical constituents and biological activities of aroniafruits and byproducts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.291-303
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• 2020

Marine organism-derived toxins have negative effects not only on human health but also in aquaculture, fisheries, and marine ecosystems. However, traditional analytical methods are insufficient in preventing this threat. In this paper, we reviewed new rapid methods of toxin detection, which have been improved by adopting diverse types of nanomaterials and technologies. Moreover, we herein describe the main strategies for toxin detection and their related sensing performance. Notably, to popularize and commercialize these newly developed technologies, simplifying the process of pre-treating real samples real samples is very important. As part of these efforts, numerous studies have reported pretreatment methods based on the antibody-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles, and some cases have applied nanoparticles to enhance the sensing performance by utilizing the intrinsic catalytic activity. Furthermore, some reports have introduced fluorescent nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, to represent the lower detection limits of conventional enzyme-based colorimetric methods and lateral flow assays. Some studies using electrochemical measurements based on aptamer-nanoparticle complexes have also been announced. In addition, as the response to new toxins generated by changes in the marine environment is still lacking, further research on diagnostic and detection is also greatly needed for these kinds of marine toxins and their derivatives.