• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.89-109
• /
• 2014

The purpose of price escalation clauses has the effect of increasing the L/C value subject to external pricing mechanisms. This will be found inter alia in metals and oil products transactions. Such a clause gives rise to a question. That is, whether it is enforceable or whether it constitutes a letter of credit. The problem is what to reference to a source outside the context of a letter of credit constitutes a non-documentary condition rendering the undertaking something other than a letter of credit. Reference to an objective and readily available index is not something that renders the undertaking obscure and is not "non-documentary in the sense that it is possible to make an objective verification of the data. The possible solution is that not every non-documentary condition will be disregarded. For example, an index specified in the credit will not be disregarded as stipulated in ISP98 and URDG758. If a non-documentary is "central and fundamental", it seems that the parties intended a dependent payment obligations. The most common means of overcoming this conflicts of interests is to issue an instrument incorporatingan escalation clause, but capping the bank's maximum payment obligation.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
• /
• v.37 no.2 s.424
• /
• pp.73-76
• /
• 2005

지난해 10월 29일 충남 아산에서는 전국에서 400여명의 육계인들이 모여 '전국육계인대회'를 개최한 바 있다. 이날 육계인들은 '육계계열생산에서 불공정거래형태와 개선방안'을 주제로 대토론회를 갖고 2002년 12월말 수준으로 계약조건을 환원해줄 것을 요구하였으며, '병아리 입추 포기각서'를 제출하고 계열화 사업에 대한 최후의 대응방침을 세우는 등 계열사들의 불공정한 계약서에 대한 강한 불만을 표출하였다. 그동안 계열화 사업이 확대되고 계약사육 참여농가들이 늘어나면서 이 같은 요구는 앞으로 더욱 커질 것으로 예상되고 있으며, 육계사육표준계약서의 필요성과 정착 노력도 계속될 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본고는 계열사들과 농가들간에 이루어지고 있는 계약조건의 변화와 앞으로의 발전방안을 살펴보고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2001.04a
• /
• pp.343-345
• /
• 2001

전자상거래 기술은 현실 세계에 좀더 완전하고 최적화된 상황과 조건을 요구하고 있다. 초기의 쇼핑 에이전트는 사용자의 모든 요구조건과 특성을 만족시키는 대신에 단순히 판매자가 제시하는 가격 기반 비교만을 하는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문은 기존의 쇼핑 에이전트가 갖고 있는 판매자 자격 중심 비교와 지능화와 자동화의 부족이라는 문제점을 극복하기 위해 각 상품에 따른 특성이 반영될 수 있는 동적 거래 알고리즘을 적용한 협상시스템을 제안하고, 이 알고리즘을 이용한 시스템을 개발하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2006

Importance of and need for grid resource management have accelerated in accordance with increasing development of grid computing. However, it is very complex to distribute and utilize resources efficiently in geographically dispersed environments. This is due to the different access policies and constraints of grid resource owners. Users request resources according to their needs. Operators of a grid computing system need to be able to monitor the system states for reflecting these demands. So, a grid computing system needs a resource management policy that monitors states of resources and then allocates resources. This paper proposes a user demand-based grid trade management model that provides an efficient resource management by the trade allocation based on a users' demand and providers' supply strategy. To evaluate performance, this paper measures increasing rate of resource trades, average response time of trades, and processing time utilization. Firstly, the average increasing rates of trade are 585.7% and 322.6% higher than an auction model and a double auction model. Secondly, the average response time of the user demand-based grid trade management model is maintained between 3 and 5 simulation time. Finally, it is found that the processing time utilization is an average of 145.4% and 118.0% higher than an auction model and a double auction model. These empirical results demonstrate the usefulness of the user demand-based grid trade management model.

• 동물약계
• /
• no.47
• /
• pp.4-4
• /
• 1998

[ $\cdot$ ]동물약사감시 행정처분 결과 홍보 $\cdot$98년도 동물약품 제조용 유당 배정 현황 $\cdot$생물학적제제 밀봉용 알루미늄캡 가격 인상 $\cdot$`98년도 검정신청 예정량 조사 $\cdot$제10차 수출촉진협의회 개최 $\cdot$98년도 상반기 알찬거래선 선정 $\cdot$98년도 유당 알선업체 선정 $\cdot$동물용의약품 결재조건 개선

• Digital Contents
• /
• no.4 s.71
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 1999

최근 세계 각국은 새로운 저작물 이용환경에 대응하기 위해 법 제도적인 방안을 강구하고 있으며 새로운 대안으로 저작권 정보관리시스템을 제시하고 있다. 저작권 정보관리시스템은 저작물의 내용, 권리자의 소재, 이용 조건 등 저작물의 이용에 필요한 각종 정보를 종합적으로 관리 제공함으로 저작물의 보호 및 이용에 편의성을 제공하고, 더 나아가 실제로 시스템상에서 저작물의 거래까지 지원하는 시스템이다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.608-617
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of coaches' transformational transactional leadership on athletes' self-efficacy among high school students. A total of 400 high school athletes from S and D city were selected through the convenience sampling method. A total of 258 questionnaires were returned and 39 were discarded due to missing values. Therefore, a total of 219 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. This study found the following: First, the intellectual stimulation of leadership had the greatest effect on self-regulated efficacy of self-efficacy. Second, inspirational motivation of leadership had the greatest effect on confidence of self-efficacy. Third, leadership factors did not affect task difficulty preference of self-efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.5-20
• /
• 2005

This Study is to analyze the effect that the subordinate factors which compose transformational leadership and transaction leadership, cause stress syndrome. The results of this study are as fellows 1) There were no relationships between the stress syndrome and the term of service : however, the level of stress among librarians tended towards fairly high level 2) The charisma and the Individualized consideration of transformational leadership showed negative(-) effects on stress syndrome. 3) The management-by-exception of transaction leadership showed positive(+) relationship with stress syndrome, and the contingent reward, negative(-)relationship. 4) The effect causing stress was greater In transformational leadership than in transaction leadership. Therefore, it was confirmed that the charisma and the individualized consideration of transformational leadership were variables decreasing stress, and the management-by-exception of transaction leadership was a variable increasing stress.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.179-201
• /
• 2024

In introducing emissions trading schemes, many countries start with a high level of free allocation to reduce the sudden cost burden on companies and increase acceptance of the policy. The free allocation is then gradually reduced, considering the risks of carbon leakage. This aligns with the "polluter pays" principle and is often considered one of the elements of an advanced emissions trading scheme. In this context, this study uses a simple emissions trading market model to show that decreasing the free allocation rate may not be desirable if the emissions market is not perfectly competitive. In particular, by identifying the existence of a free allocation rate at which the cost inefficiency is minimized, this study demonstrates that having a low level of free allocation does not necessarily imply the improvement of the emissions trading scheme.

• The Journal of Information Technology
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 1998

C.I.F. and F.O.B. contracts are the chief terms used in international trade contracts. But, in recently, the multimodal transport which is based on the containerization and the improvement of air transport has been grown gradually, Regardless of theese change in international trade environment, most of the contract of sale is made by C.I.F. and F.O.B. contracts which are based on the traditional port to port transport. In other words, there are some limitation in terms of legal base in which traditional C.I.F. and F.O.B. contract is applied to the changed environment. Especially, problems arised in marine insurance which export by F.O.B. trade terms. Therefore, when the parties of the contracts of sale make an sale contracts by using the container ship and Multimodal Transport, they should use the F.C.A. and C.I.P. contracts Instead of F.O.B. and C.I.F. contracts for the transport of goods. And parties of the contracts of sale need to gain a better understanding of the characteristic of F.C.A. and C.I.P. terms and the problem of the F.C.A. and C.I.P. contracts used in the performance on international multimodal transport.