• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.343-359
• /
• 2014

This study investigates how cultural differences between countries affect bilateral trade volumes, using Hofstede's cultural index that reflects nations' cultural characteristics. Empirical analyses of the impacts of Hofstede's five cultural characteristics on bilateral trade volumes are conducted either in each separate equation or simultaneously. Bilateral trade data of OECD countries plus China as of year 2010 is used for regression analysis on gravity model. Regression results from individual equation for each cultural index variable show tthe smaller the index gaps of power distances and uncertainty avoidance among countries, the larger bilateral trade volumes. On the contrary, the larger the index gaps of long-term orientation among countries, the larger bilateral trade volumes. If five Hofstede cultural indexes are regressed in a single equation, however, only variables of power distance and long-term orientation are significant. The analysis largely confirms that bilateral trade among countries with similar culture have much potrential to grow. It implies that policy actions for cultural proximity are very important for furthering bilateral trade.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2003.07a
• /
• pp.450-453
• /
• 2003

본 논문에서는 그룹별 가변 길이 직교코드 다중화를 이용한 OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) 전송방식의 제안하고, 그룹별로 동일한 부반송파 개수를 가정하여 코드 길이에 따른 시스템 성능과 복잡도를 분석함으로써 최적의 시스템 파라미터들을 결정한다. 제안된 방식에서는 상호 상관성이 낮은 부반송파들로 동일 반송파 그룹으로 구분함으로써 부반송파 전체를 다수의 부반송파 그룹으로 나누고, 그룹마다 부반송파 개수와 동일한 길이의 직교코드들을 사용하여 다중화하여 전송한다. 따라서, 제안된 시스템을 사용하면 적절한 시스템 파라미터의 선정을 통하여 부반송파 전체를 하나의 그룹으로 하는 기존의 직교코드 다중화 방식에[2] 비하여 다이버시티 이득은 유지하면서 시스템 복잡도를 크게 줄일 수 있다. 또한, 제안된 직교코드 다중화 전송방식에서는 수신기에서 직교코드들간의 직교성 복원이 필수적이며, 수신기에서 불완전한 채널등화는 인접한 직교코드들 간에 상호 간섭을 유발하는 요인이 된다. 따라서, 채널추정 오류의 정도가 증가함에 따라 직교코드들 간의 상호 간섭으로 인하여 증가하는 비트오류를 줄이기 위하여 채널추정 오류의 정도에 따라 블록길이와 블록 인터리버 구조를 조절하여 시스템을 최적화 한다. 가변 길이 직교코드로는 길이에 상관 없이 직교성을 유지하며 에너지의 균등 분배가 가능한 DFT (discrete Fourier transform) 코드를 사용한다. 최적 시스템 파라미터를 결정하기 위하여 모의실험을 통하여 코드 길이에 따른 시스템 성능을 분석한다. 또한, 채널추정 오류가 존재하는 경우에 시스템 성능을 분석한다. 마지막으로, 채널 부호화를 적용하는 경우에 시스템 파라미터들을 최적화함으로써 부호화 이득이 시스템 성능과 시스템 복잡도 감소, 채널추정 오류의 극복에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. nature, in contrast to physical theories that are of a geometrical nature. An application to the interpretation of intelligence is proposed, based on the "intelligence"of movement. Co layer from 1.4 to 1.6 nm was measured to be ranged from 0.004 to 0.021 ${\AA}$$\^$-1/.문에 기업간 관계를 연구하는 측면에서는 탐험적 연구성격이 강하다. 더 나아가 본 산업의 주된 연구가 질적이고 기업내부만을 연구했던 것에 비교하면 시초적이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 관계마케팅, CRM 등의 이론적 배경이 되고 있는 신뢰와 결속의 중요성이 재확인하는 결과도 의의라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 신뢰는 양사 간의 상호관계에서 조성될 수 있는 특성을 가진 반면, 결속은 계약관계 초기단계에서 성문화하고 규정화 할 수 있는 변수의 성격이 강하다고 할 수가 있다. 본 연구는 복잡한 기업간 관계를 지나치게 협력적 측면에서만 규명했기 때문에 많은 측면을 간과할 가능성이 있다. 또한 방법론적으로 일방향의 시각만을 고려했고, 횡단적 조사를 통하고 국내의 한 서비스제공업체와 관련이 있는 컨텐츠 공급파트너만의 시각을 검증했기 때문에 해석에서 유의할 필요가 있다. 또한 타당성확보 노력을 기하였지만 측정도구 면에서 엄격한 개발과정을 준수하지는 못했다. 향후에는 모바일 컨텐츠 파트너의 기업의 특성을 조사하여 관계성 변수와의 상호관련연구를 진행할 필요가 있다. 관계기간, 의존성, 거래처의 단/복수여부, 서비스 범주 등의 제반 변수를 고려하여 이러한 변수가 양사와의 관계성 변수에 어떤 영향이 있는가를 검증할 필요가 있다. 또한 신뢰,

• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.29-49
• /
• 2006

The introduction of the Digital Economy has formed a new market producing and trading information. Depending on the current contexts, each user evaluates identical information differently. It is difficult, even though important, to create and deliver the information customized to individual users by using some factors as time, location, and their personal characteristics. Information value, therefore, could be influenced by the capability of information systems to delivery useful information based on individual contexts to the right user immediately at the right time. From this point of view, we argue mobile systems which are able to be aware of individual contexts and deliver contextual information in real time can improve information value easily than other systems can. This research presents the results of an empirical test about antecedents to mobile advertising value. Though context relevance doesn't influence directly mobile advertising value, it plays an important role enhancing information usefulness which has great influence on mobile advertising value. Moreover, to supply information connected with users' context overcomes the effect of irritation. Lastly, entertainment can improve mobile advertising value as satisfying user's hedonic desire beyond the information source supporting decision making.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.13 no.11
• /
• pp.815-828
• /
• 2013

Recently internet shopping malls provide newer and more varied goods and services to meet the demand of their customers. And as new companies enter the on-line shopping mall business, competition in this specific market is getting stiffer. Therefore, to keep a more sustained relationship with their customers, internet shopping malls need to satisfy their customers with their goods and services and to make them loyal customers. Unlike bricks-and-mortar stores in real life, This study also aims to propose an on-line physical environment model, and to develop the existing on-line research into a physical environment. The physical environment is measured on the four dimensions and 4 measurement units and the on-line physical environment, trust, and purchasing decisions are also explained. This study makes contributions as follows. First, online physical environments contain theoretical syntheses and operational definition. Second, this study finds that trust is an important part of an on-line transaction. Third, this study provides an insight into some of the factors preceding purchasing decisions. Lastly, this study finds that the consumer's comprehension of the on-line environment has a considerable influence on trust and purchasing decisions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.170-177
• /
• 2017

The price of land in Jeju is reaching a new high every day and this phenomenon not only causes real difficulties for the purchase of real estate by local residents, but also results in psychological deprivation. Therefore, this study analyzes the factors causing the increase of the land price in Jeju, in order to examine the measures required to stabilize the land price which is continuously rising. As a result of this study, we developed a land price prediction model including seven variables, including the 'inflation rate', 'interest rate', and 'population'. According to the model, land prices in Jeju are expected to rise steadily, and it is predicted that in 2020 the price will increase to 170% of that in 2015 and will triple by 2025. Based on the results of this study, this study suggested policy alternatives, such as 'Establishing a tourism policy for managing the number of tourists' and 'increasing the approval standards for development activities'. The two policies proposed in this study can be implemented as a regional initiative, which may be less effective than the changes in the national system, but it is meaningful that the efforts to stabilize the land price will continue at the regional level.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.33-58
• /
• 2004

This paper tests Van Home's hypothesis, a negative correlation between degrees of operating leverage(DOL) and financial leverage(DFL). For an empirical analysis, we extract information from financial statements of manufacturing companies listed in the Korea Stock Exchange. Data extend from 1980 to 2001. The DOL continued to increase until 1997, but decreased dramatically after the IMF financial crisis. However, the DOL has been at a higher level than companies of other countries such as USA and Japan. The DFL has been maintained at a much higher level, as expected. The empirical results indicate a positive correlation between the DOL and the DFL, which is inconsistent with the VanHorne's hypothesis. To further investigate, we divide the whole sample into subgroups according to such management elements as asset size, level of leverages, earnings and cash flow. The results for sub-samples are different from those of whole sample. This indicates we need to incorporate specific managerial factors in order to correctly explain financial decision processes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 2005

This study was conducted to establish a comprehensive guideline for grading system of poultry meat cuts. Slaughter and further processed houses were divided into large(>70,000 heads/day), middle($50,000\~25,000$ heads/day), and small scale(<25,000 heads/day), and the production managers were asked by the Questionnaire. Most poultry meat cuts produced by larger- and middle-slaughter house were consumed by dealers, franchisee and department store in increasing order, whereas further processed poultry meat cuts(small scale) provided meals for the students in the high amount. The packaging step was best f3r the determination of grading in the large slaughter house. This survey indicated that two or more grades were proper to determine the grading in the middle slaughter house, however only two grades were proper for the others. Freshness, bruise, wound, trimming and the inclusion of foreign materials affected to the grading. Poultry meat cuts were accepted for the grading in large-slaughter house, but whole poultry carcass was accepted for the grading in the others. Most managers agreed with that the grading system was only applied for the amounts requested. They also suggested that the grading system of poultry meat cuts were necessary in near future, even though it was not urgent to apply.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.45
• /
• pp.85-109
• /
• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.577-612
• /
• 2017

In response to climate change, Korea is attempting to shift the paradigm of energy and climate change policies by introducing carbon pricing based on market mechanisms. While policy adoption is proceeding at a rapid pace, the introduction of carbon pricing has been faced with great opposition from industry. This study measures to what extent Korean companies understand and accept carbon pricing, using data from a questionnaire survey covering energy consuming companies in 2012, when discussions between the government and such companies about the introduction of a domestic emission trading system were active. It further identifies how preparations and practices for carbon and energy management of companies correlate with their policy understanding and acceptance. The analysis results show that the surveyed companies indicate moderate understanding of, as well as resistance to carbon pricing policies, while appreciating the economic incentives and accepting the mandatory regulations in this phase. Companies' understanding is more related to characteristics, i.e., sector, size, etc. than external pressures. This study found that the extent to which companies understand policy is the essential factor in their policy acceptance and related practices. In particular, understanding of carbon policy significantly influences their managerial practices and voluntary activities for carbon and energy practices. This study substantiates the correlation between the level of policy understanding of a company and its carbon and energy practices - something that all countries seeking to introduce carbon pricing in response to climate change should consider prior to policy actually being implemented; in other words, enhancing the understanding of major policy subjects of the new instrument is a key policy strategy that should be elaborated as it will lead to better performance of companies and smoother policy implementation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.125-145
• /
• 2013

The Korea-EU FTA will provide korea with a significant advantage in the region both international trade and consumer welfare. Under the Korea-EU FTA, increasing of bilateral trade in consumer and industrial products would become duty and most remaining tariffs would be eliminated. This article studies on EU product price level of Korean consumer for before and after Korea-EU FTA effectuation. The questionnaires are sended 1,000 samples and 780 returns, 283 of them are analyzed for a this study. This paper has there main a parts, A Paired Samples Test result shows that the EU goods price level are positively affected by Flesh-meat, Electronic device & Electric home appliances, Kitchen utensils, Fruit juice(beverage), alcoholic liquors(wine, whisky), Clothes & Fashion. However, The Clothes & Fashion does not affect in EU goods price level, the Clothes & Fashion positively affected price differential more FTA effectuation before than FTA effectuation after.