• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.517-525
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the effects of physiological factors and lifestyles on bone mineral density (BMD) in 64 postmenopausal women. Sixty four subjects were selected out of 223 postmenopausal women in Seoul and Kyunggido. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2 ${\rightarrow}$ L4) and femoral neck were measured dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were assigned to one of three groups such as normal (T-score > -1, n = 20), osteopenia (-2.5 < Tscore ${\leq}$ -1, n = 24), and osteoporosis (T-score ${\leq}$ -2.5, n = 20). Anthropometric measurements and questionares were administered to these women. The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 62.09 yrs, 153.78 cm, 56.09 kg and 23.70 $kg/m^2$ respectively. The BMDs of lumbar spines (L2 ${\rightarrow}$ L4), femoral neck were 0.84 $g/cm^2$, 0.71 $g/cm^2$ respectively. Years after menopause and age of last delivery of the osteoporosis and osteopenia group were significantly longer than the normal group (p < 0.05). The hours of exercise and outdoor activity of the normal group were longer than the osteoporosis and osteopenia group, but there were no significant differences among the three groups. The BMDs of these two sites were positively correlated with weight, BMI, hip and body fat and negatively correlated with LBM, TBW. These results show there are no consistent effects on bone mineral density, adjusting for age and BMI, of physiological factors and lifestyles in postmenopausal women. Therefore. this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss in postmenopausal women would be to maintain an adequate body weight.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1851-1858
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• 2010

Estrogen deficiency in peri- and postmenopausal women results in variety of neurovegetative, psychic and somatic symptoms, and may contribute to severe diseases within the aged female population. Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) is an edible brown algae traditionally used in fishery towns in Far East Asia. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ES extracts on blood flow and serum lipid concentration in ovariectomized rats. Weight-matched female Sprague-Dawley strain rats were assigned to four groups. Three groups were surgically ovariectomized (OVX). The fourth group was sham operated. Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-CON), ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 50 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES50) and ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 200 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES200). Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents decreased in the sham group compared to the OVX-CON group. Six weeks feeding of ES extract resulted in a significant (p<0.05) lowering of serum triglyceride and a lowering tendency of total cholesterol level. The level of Hdl-cholesterol in serum increased by supplementation of ES extracts at 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05). Blood passage time of the ES extracts-supplemented group was higher than the OVX-CON group. The ability of platelet aggregation of groups treated with ES extracts was less than that of the OVX-CON group. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of ES extract may be used to possibly improve on the metabolic syndrome of menopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.225-237
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among the health promoting behaviors, self-reported climacteric symptoms and depression on a cross-sectional survey desist The subjects were 108 middle-aged women who were nonhystrectomized and ranged in age from 40 to 60. They were selected in Seoul and Kyoung-ki province. Korea. Data were collected from Oct. 25 to Nov. 10, 1997 by a structured Questionnaire. The instrument used for this study was the revised Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile(HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist and Pender, revised Climacteric Symptoms Scale developed by Chi, Sung Ai, and the Beck's Depression Inventory(BID). The data were analyzed by the SPSS /PC$^{＋}$ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean score of health promoting behaviors was low(2.42$\pm$0.35). There were statistically significant difference in the score of health promoting behaviors according to the educational background. family income, marital satisfaction, and whether or not taking a restoraitve food(t ＝－2.07, F＝2.60~7.57, p＜0.05). 2. The mean score of self-reported climacteric symptoms was 1.69 ; 99% of middle-aged women had symptoms. There were statistically significant difference in the score of middle-aged women's self-reported climacteric symptoms according to the age, number of children, educational background, occupation, family income, marital satisfaction, whether or not receiving hormone replacement therapy(HRT) or consultation experience with a professional, and perceived health status(t＝－2.04~3.69. F＝2.87~11.63, p＜0.05). 3. The mean score of depression was 10.84. There were statistically significant differences in the score of the depression according to the age, number of children, educational background, occupation, marital satisfaction, whether or not receiving menopausal treatment or consultation by a professional, and perceived health status(t ＝－2.25~3.00, F＝3.50~9.24, p＜0.05). 4. Women's degree of health promoting behaviors was a negative correlation with the degree of climacteric symptoms(r＝－0.19, p＝0.03) and the degree of depression(r＝－0.23, p＝0.01). The degree of climacteric stmptoms was a positive correlation with the degree of depression(r＝0.64 p＝0.01). In conclusion. health promoting behavior should be considered when developing nursing strategies for middle-aged women. especially when dealing with climacteric symptoms and depression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2008

Objectives Obesity and climacteric symptom are affected by various cultural, social and psychological factors. This study is performed to recognize the relationship between obesity, climacteric symptom, and other social and psychological factors such as self-esteem, depression, eating attitude, stress response and social readjustment rating. Methods SRRS(social readjustment rating scale), SES(self-esteem scale), SRI(stress response inventory), BDI(Beck depression inventory), KEAT-26 (Korean Eating Attitude Test-26) and Kuperman index were given to 43 peri-menopausal women aged 45-55 and BMI ${\geq}23$. They were given written consent and this study is performed under the permission of institutional review board of Kyung Hee East-west Neo Medical Center. And height, body weight, waist circumference were measured. These variables were treated by correlation and regression analysis for finding effect factors of climacteric symptom. Result BMI and WC were not related to climacteric symptom. There were significant correlation between KEAT-26(r=0.4388, p=0.004), SES (r=-0.4748, p=0.001), SRI(r=0.6941, p<0.001), BDI(r=0.6354, p<0.001) and Kuperman index. In multiple regression, SRI was find to be a prediction factor of Kuperman index.(Kuperman index=19.033+0.7SRI($R^2$=0.490)). Conclusion Climacteric symptom is related to self-esteem, eating attitude, depression and stress response. And the most important prediction factor of climacteric symptom is stress response. So managing of stress response may be essential to treating climacteric syndrome. And it is necessary to study about climacteric symptom with many other effective factors of various peri-menopausal subjects.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.183-188
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• 2008

Osteoporosis is one of the major health problem affecting postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency results in an increase in bone turnover, lead to bone resorption and an increase risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Platycodon grandiflorum A. extract (PG) in bone metabolism in ovariectomized estrogen-deficient rats. Two groups were surgically ovariectomized (OVX). The third group was sham operated. Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups : sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-control), ovariectomized rats supplemented with PG at 50mg/kg body wt (OVX-PG50) The Platycodon grandiflorum extracts were orally administrated at 1mL per day. The ovariectomy caused a decreasing in the levels of collagen content in bone, cartilage and skin tissues. However PG group, supplementation with Platycodon grandiflorum extract, were increased the level of collagen content in bone, cartilage and skin tissues than OVX-control group. PG group had a higher content of pyridinoline in collagen than OVX-control group. Alkaline phosphatase activity on serum were decreased after supplemented with the PG extract. These results might be expected that Platycodon grandiflorum is believed to be possible protective effects in postmenopausal bone loss.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1219-1224
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• 2006

Osteoporosis is one of the major health problem affecting postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency results in an increase in bone turnover, lead to bone resorption and an increase risk of fracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Capsosiphon fulvecense extract (SCF) on the collagen content of the connective tissues and alkaline phosphatase activity of serum in ovariectomized estrogen-deficient rats. Three groups were surgically ovariectomized (OVX). The fourth group was sham operated. Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups : sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-control), ovariectomized rats supplemented with CsF at 50mg/kg body wt (OVX-CSF50) and ovariectomized rats supplemented with CsF at 200mg/kg body wt (OVX-CSF200). The Capsosiphon fulvecense extracts were orally administrated at 1mL per day. The ovariectomy caused a decreasing in the levels of collagen content in bone, cartilage, skin and lung tissues. However CSF groups, supplementation with Capsosiphon fulvecense extract, were increased the level of collagen content in bone, cartilage, skin and lung tissues than OVX-control group. Alkaline phosphatase activity also were increased and calcium levels were decreased than OVX-control on serum. These results suggest that Capsosiphon fulvecense supplementation prevents postmenopausal bone loss, thus it may be used possibly to improve the quality of life in menopausal women.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1680-1687
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• 2012

Postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing coronary artery disease, primarily due to dyslipidemia that accompanies the loss of estrogen secretion. This study was performed to investigate the effects of Opuntia humifusa seed extracts on blood flow and serum lipid level in ovariectomized rats. Twenty-eight 9-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups as sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON), and ovariectomized rats that were treated with Opuntia humifusa seed extracts (OVX-OHS 2% and OVX-OHS 6%). The diets were fed to the rats for 7 weeks after operation. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents decreased in the SHAM group compared to the OVX-CON group. Seven weeks of feeding of Opuntia humifusa seed extracts resulted in significant (p<0.05) lowering of serum triglyceride and a decreasing tendency in total cholesterol levels. The level of HDL-cholesterol in serum increased significantly by feeding diets containing the 2% and 6% Opuntia humifusa seed hot-water extract (p<0.05). Blood passage times were shorter in the Opuntia humifusa seed extract-supplemented groups than in the untreated group (OVX-CON). The platelet aggregation ability was lower in groups treated with Opuntia humifusa seed extracts than in the OVX-CON group. These results suggest that Opuntia humifusa seed extracts may have benefits in improving metabolic syndrome in menopausal women.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.638-651
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to review the literature and examine the effects on non-pharmacological depression intervention for middle-aged women in Korea. This systematic review analyzed the literature from 2006 to September, 2015. The existing literature was searched in the electronic databases in RISS, KISS and DBPia using the following key words: middle-aged women and depression, menopause and depression, climacterium and depression. Two hundred eighty studies were found through the database. According to PICOTS-SD, twelve studies were included for analysis. Among the twelve studies, four studies were conducted in the nursing field. Six studies were randomized controlled trials. Aerobic exercise, laughter therapy, meditation, aroma massage, counseling and art therapy were performed as non-pharmacological interventions for depression in Korean middle-aged women. The length of each session ranged from 20 to 120 minutes. The intervention period varied from 2 to 24 weeks, and the total number of the interventions ranged from 8 to 72 times. They influenced not only depression, but also physical aspects that are associated with obesity and psychosocial variables, such as anxiety, quality of life, life satisfaction, etc.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-empowerment and a health promoting lifestyle in climacteric women, and to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention. The subjects were 246 women who visited the sports center in Taegu, Korea and ranged in age from 40 to 59. The data was collected during the period from December 2nd to December 15th, 2001. The instruments were the revised health promoting lifestyle scale developed by Park, In Suk(1997) Originally the instruments were developed by Spreitzer(1995) and Jung Hea Joo(1998), who translated it into Korean. The data was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Mean score of total empowerment was 3.76 and the subcategory 'meaning', had the highest score at 4.08. 2.Mean score of total health promoting lifestyle was 2.83 and in the subcategory, the highest degree of performance was 'sanitary life', followed by 'harmonious relationships' and 'self actualization'. The lowest degree was 'professional health management'. 3. A significant statistical difference between age, education and self-empowerment was found. 4. A significant statistical difference between age, marital status, leisure time activity (hobbies/community service) and a health promoting lifestyle was found. 5. Health promoting lifestyle was positively related to self-empowerment(r=.4592). A health promoting lifestyle was the highest positively related to the subcategory 'impact' (r=.4329). 6. The most important variable affecting the health promoting life style was impact which accounted for 19% of the total variance in stepwise multiple regression analysed. Five variables, impact, age, meaning, marital status and leisure time activity(hobbies/community service) accounted for 26% in promoting a healthy life style. From the results of the study, the following recommendations are presented : 1) Adopting the concept of self-empowerment is required in broad nursing fields. 2) Using and making a self-empowerment promoting program which can cause positive effects on a health promoting lifestyle are required. 3) It is required to check the rank of the subcategories such as meaning, competence, self determination and impact according to the subjects. 4) It is required to check the effects of all variances of self-empowerment, self-efficacy and self-esteem variances through the repeated studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2016

During menopause, elderly woman experience physical and emotional symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, weight gain, vaginal dryness, and mood swings. In this study, we investigated the effects of mixed herbal extracts containing Angelica gigas Nakai and Cuscuta chinensis Lam. on menopause symptoms in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Daily oral treatments of 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg in OVX rats for 8 weeks significantly reduced weight gain, inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation, and lowered serum lipid levels comparable to the effects induced by estradiol treatments. Mixed herbal extracts (named Jaeummidan) also prevented vaginal dryness as measured by increased vaginal weight. Increased vaginal weight was associated with enlarged epithelium thickness. These data show the preventive actions of Jaeummidan against menopause symptoms and further suggest the possibility of developing functional ingredients in elderly human populations experiencing menopause symptoms.