• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2020

Although several studies have been conducted on unification and the life of North Korean refugees, there have been few studies comparing the characteristics of North Korean refugees with South Korean workers, in terms of human resources in business administration. By considering the limitations of these prior studies, this study analyzed whether there are differences in factors affecting organizational commitment and turnover intention through a group comparative analysis between North Korean refugees and South Korean workers. For a comparative analysis between the two groups, we recruited 145 workers from North Korea and 213 South Korea-born workers. We found the following results with a multi-group structural equation model. We confirmed the measurement homogeneity by ensuring that both groups were equally aware of the measurement tools affecting organizational commitment and turnover intentions. As a result of testing the homogeneity of measurement, we also confirmed that there was a significant difference in optimism between the two groups; optimism affects organizational commitment and among social supports, affectionate support and interaction support affect organizational commitment. Analyzing the path between the two groups, we first were able to find that optimism influenced organizational commitment for both groups, in relation to positive psychological capital. However, in terms of degree, South Korean workers were found to be strongly affected. Second, with regard to social support, we were not able to find that affectionate support and interaction support have a significant impact on organizational commitment for South Korean workers, while for North Korean refugees, we confirmed that both supports have a significant impact. Third, we were unable to find any differences between the two group, in terms of other sub-components of positive psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, and resiliency) or the sub-components of social support (informational support, tangible support). These results suggest that companies or managers employing North Korean refugee workers need to create an organizational environment that allows them to perceive social support, especially affectionate support and interaction support.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 2010

Cyberknife with small field size is more difficult and complex for dosimetry compared with conventional radiotherapy due to electronic disequilibrium, steep dose gradients and spectrum change of photons and electrons. The purpose of this study demonstrate the usefulness of Geant4 as verification tool of measurement dose for delivering accurate dose by comparing measurement data using the diode detector with results by Geant4 simulation. The development of Monte Carlo Model for Cyberknife was done through the two-step process. In the first step, the treatment head was simulated and Bremsstrahlung spectrum was calculated. Secondly, percent depth dose (PDD) was calculated for six cones with different size, i.e., 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm and 60 mm in the model of water phantom. The relative output factor was calculated about 12 fields from 5 mm to 60 mm and then it compared with measurement data by the diode detector. The beam profiles and depth profiles were calculated about different six cones and about each depth of 1.5 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The results about PDD were shown the error the less than 2% which means acceptable in clinical setting. For comparison of relative output factors, the difference was less than 3% in the cones lager than 7.5 mm. However, there was the difference of 6.91% in the 5 mm cone. Although beam profiles were shown the difference less than 2% in the cones larger than 20 mm, there was the error less than 3.5% in the cones smaller than 20 mm. From results, we could demonstrate the usefulness of Geant4 as dose verification tool.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.12-26
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate current states and management of the protected trees in Gangwon-do. There were 701 protected trees in 42 species designated by 2008, which were distributed at 425 places. Major species were Zelkova serrata(29%), Pinus densiflora(24%), Ulmus davidiana var. japonica(11%), and Ginkgo biloba(5%). The protected trees played various roles in the villages, mostly as sacred trees(43%). The 51% of protected trees were 300 years or more in age, the 53% were more than 20 m in height, and the 57% were more than 300 cm in girth at breast height. The 69% of the protected trees have been designated for protection in 1982 and the rest have been designated by the local cities by 2008. The species number of the protected trees in Youngseo region was greater than that of the Youngdong region. The major species were Zelkova serrata (33%) and Pinus densiflora(17%) in Youngseo region, and were Pinus densiflora (38%) and Zelkova serrata(19%) in Youngdong region. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 33:1 in Youngseo region, and were 25:6 in Youngdong region. The 29% of protected trees were located in the field, 28% in the mountain, and 25% in the villages. The 45% of the ground were covered by herbaceous plants, 39% exposed, and 10% gravel mulch. Most of the protected trees had good growing conditions. The 70% of the protected trees were under good maintenance, and the rest were under undesirable conditions. The soil characteristics of the protected tree areas in Gangwon-do were not much different from those of Korean average. It seemed to be necessary to increase designation of protected trees based on the tradition, history, local value and academic application in Gangwon-do. In addition, it is desirable to suggest plans to utilize and manage protected tree areas for enhancing the value of natural heritages in Gangwon-do.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

Purpose: One of the critical aspects on dispensing glasses is to match the center of pupils to the optical center of lenses as the mismatched glasses are able to induce uncomfortable effects called prism which has been known to induce phoria, a main cause for asthenopia in many cases. Therefore, we investigated the induced prism occurred by mismatching centers between the center of pupils and the optical center of lenses. Methods: In this study, total 103 subjects were examined whether the center of pupils and the optical center of lenses are matched in horizontal and vertical directions, and then, the data was categorized into 4 groups based on the structural components of glasses. Total amount of prism was compared to show the effect of the glasses frame on the prism induction, and the value of measured prism was compared with the German RAL-RG 915 regulations. Results: The results in respect to the horizontal component showed that the induced prism was not found in 10.7% of total subjects. 73.8% of total subjects were influenced by induced prism, the range of prism was in a tolerance level. However, the 15.5% of total subjects seemed to be influenced by prism which is out of the criterion of tolerance. In case of vertical component, 23.3% of total subjects showed no effects of prism while early adopting glasses, 54.4% of total subjects showed a little prism effect within the criterion of tolerance, and 22.3% of total subjects showed the prism effect out of the tolerance range. This data indicates that group A and B that are less likely adjustable by fitting induce more prism than group C and D in horizontal and vertical components. Conclusions: In higher refractive error condition, it was found that aligning the optical center of lenses with the center of pupils by pre-fitting of glasses frame minimized prism induction in horizontal and vertical components, which ameliorates ocular fatigue. Therefore, appropriate optometric dispensing through fitting by opticians and precise design about monocular PD and monocular Oh are necessary to improve visual perception.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate a correlation between vertical fixation disparity and stereopsis by analyzing distribution of types of vertical fixation disparity. Methods: In this study, RANDOT(R) stereotest partly using random dot was used in stereopsis tests. The vertical fixation disparity in close proximity categorized fixation disparity slope into six types on the basis of the result of measurement in when two thin lines, one for one eye looks, become overlapped as a line by adding into prism with Wesson fixation disparity card while maintaining a distance of 25 cm from patients. Results: In the types of near vertical fixation disparity curve, targeting 43 people, the first type 55.82% was the most distributed, the second type is the least 23.25%, the third type of 4.65%, the fourth type of 4.65%, the fifth type of 6.98%, the sixths types of 4.65% were distributed. The result of a correlation analysis, which shows the degree of linear correlation between two variables, represented that stereopsis is not correlated with Y-intercept (r = -0.07) which show vertical fixation disparity, associated phoria (r = -0.03) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.00), but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = 0.36) was shown to have a positive correlation with stereopsis. It has a low positive correlation and a meaningful statistics (p<0.05). The Y-intercept which indicates vertical fixation disparity was also not associated with stereopsis (r = -0.07) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.03), and this was not statistically significant (p>0.05), while it had a high correlation as well as a statistically significant with associated phoria (r = 0.89). There was a negative correlation between Y-intercept and fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = -0.33). It showed a low relationship but statistically valuable (p>0.05). As a result of regression analysis, the stereopsis was changed as 7.631" if vertical fixation disparity changes 1' and the vertical fixation disparity changed as 0.017' if stereopsis changes 1', and the change was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The study shows that there is a low correlation between stereopsis and vertical fixation disparity, and it is difficult to determine stereopsis only using vertical fixation disparity. Therefore, it suggests other factors above vertical fixation disparity have greater influence on stereopsis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.557-566
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• 2005

In preparation of steamed foam-cakes, effects of whipping time, amount of wheat flour, and amounts of emulsifier on physical properties of the steamed foam cakes were investigated using RSM (response surface methodology). The three independent variables selected for the RSM experiment were whipping time $(X_1)$, amount of wheat flour $(X_2)$, and amounts of wheat flour $(X_2)$, and concentration of emulsifier $(X_3)$ were set for single-stage mixing, respectively. A rotatable central composite design was used for treatment arrangement. The responses from the product for loaf volume, color values and textural properties were analysed. In the analysis of variance for the foam cakes prepared by single-stage method, significant interactions were observed between independent variables (experimental factors) and physical property like loaf volume (p<0.05); textural properties like hardness, gumminess, and chewiness (p<0.05). Among independent variables, concentration of emulsifier had the most effects on physical properties while whipping time. The ordinary points in surface response showed maximal points with physical property like colorimetric b value while other properties revealed saddle points. The 3-dimensional response surface graphs of the predicted regression models displayed decreasing loaf volumes with increasing whipping times and emulsifier concentrations beyond optimum levels. The optimum conditions for best loaf volume and textural property (hardness, gummimess and chewiness) of the products selected by extracting intersectional areas of the contour maps that commonly overlapped all characteristics were; $11\~13$ min whipping time, $470\~486\;g$ amount of wheat flour, and $19\~20\;g$ emulsifier concentration, in case of single-stage method. The median values extracted from the RSM experimental results for optimum manufacturing conditions for single-stage method, i.e., 12 min whipping time, 478 g amount of wheat flour, and 20 g emulsifier concentration were empirically proven to fit the predicted levels of physical properties from the final foam cakes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.278-287
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• 2009

The study find out developmental factors of the liver diseases in 29,531 subject of the healthy adults who diagnosed by using ultrasound at healthcare centers located at 6 cities around the nation. The results are as follows. Based on the result of the study, the liver diseases diagnosed by using ultrasound revealed to show 43.1％ of prevalence, and the occurrence was significantly higher in male(23.3％) than in female (19.8％)(p<0.001). The disease revealed to show highest prevalence rate in regionally, Dae-jeon was found to record the highest prevalence by showing 49.6％ (p<0.001). The order of liver disease prevalence was the highest in Dae-jeon(49.6%),which was followed by Seoul(48.2%), Busan(42.9%), Incheon(36.2%), Daegu(36.2%), Kangju(32.1%)(p<0.001). The order of hepatic disease prevalence was the highest in fatty liver (69.7％), which was followed by intrahepatic cysts (13.2％), intrahepatic calcification (9.6％), intrahepatic hemangioma (4.5％), intrahepatic tumor (1.4％), diffuse liver disease (1.0％),and liver cirrhosis (0.5％) (p<0.001). The liver disease revealed to show highest prevalence rate in 40s and regionally, disease was found to record the highest prevalence from 30s to 50s (p<0.001). The distribution of the liver diseases by sex revealed to show the higher occurrence of the fatty liver and the diffuse liver diseases in male, but the intrahepatic cysts, intrahepatic calcification and intrahepatic tumors were highly distributed in female. In the regional evaluation, the fatty liver was most often found in Busan, and intrahepatic cysts, intrahepatic hemangioma, intrahepatic calcification and intrahepatic tumors were highly found in Dae-jeon and Seoul revealed to show higher occurrence of diffuse liver disease than other regions (p<0.001). The multiple regression analysis for the related factors which affect the prevalence of the liver diseases resulted to show the higher prevalence by age. sex,

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.237-255
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• 2010

The Korean Pharmacist Law has limited the sales of medicine to pharmacies. This has caused difficulty in purchasing medicine late at night or on holidays, which has limited the range of customers' selections and accelerated customers' discomfort, accordingly. Also, the rapid progress of aging has quickly boosted medical expenses for seniors, and has served as a factor that aggravates the budget of national medical insurance. Meanwhile, advanced countries, including the USA and Japan, have allowed the sales of general medicine, of which the safety and efficacy have been tested, in general retail stores such as convenience stores or super markets from the perspective of supporting self-medication. In particular, Japan, which has a strong tendency of pursuing safety in the world, diversified sales channels for general medicine in order to control quickly rising medical expenses. As a result, Japan has achieved the effect of easing various regulations as follows in the economic and social fields. First, the increasing distribution channels of general medicine from pharmacies to general retail stores provoked a potential demand, which also expanded related markets. Second, the competition between sales channels resulted in the reduction of the price of medicine. Third, the growing sales channels of medicine have extended the options of consumers and, subsequently, the convenience in the use of consumers has increased. Fourth, the creation of a competitive environment owing to the diversification of sales channels has accelerated an effort to enhance corporate competitiveness. Fifth, the foundation of enhancing the financial soundness of medical expenses has been prepared through the formation of a self-medication environment. In 2000, the Korean population aged 65 or over exceeded 7%, and it is anticipated to be over 14% by 2018; thus, the increase of national medical expenses will be sped up. As a way of being prepared for the era of aging, we, just as other advanced countries, need to create a self-treatment environment by diversifying the sellers of general medicine, and, thus, reduce spending on personal medical expenses, enhance the financial soundness of national medical insurance, and, further, promote the welfare of consumers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2004

The Shihwa constructed wetland was established for the treatment of severely polluted water from Banwoul, Donghwa and Samhwa streams. This study was focused on investigating dynamics of phytoplankton communities in open waters and periphytic algae on reed (Phragmites communis) planting area at 5 stations from October 2001 to July 2002. The concentration of T-N and T-P of inlet stations from the streams were decreased by flowed through the wetland. However, the TN/TP ratios at all stations were shown as a little over 16 indicating that the T-P will play some role as a limitation factor. Phytoplankton communities were identified as a total 413 taxa which were composed of 375 species, 21 varieties, 2 forma and 15 unidentified species. Standing crops of phytoplankton communities and chlorophyll-a concentrations ranged from $330{\sim}36,420\;cells/mL$ and $2.5{\sim}170.7\;{\mu}g/L$ respectively, and showed the decreasing tendency after flowing through the wetland at almost all stations. Dominant species were 14 taxa at all stations which were Euglena oblonga and Synura spinosa etc. Periphytic algae on the reed were a total 329 taxa which were composed of 295 species, 13 varieties, 3 forma and 17 unidentified species. The species numbers were recorded in order of Chlorophyceae-Bascillariophyceae-Cyanophyceae-Euglenophyceae-Chrysophyceae. The relative abundance (%) was showed a seasonal variation from Cyanophyceae to Bascillariophyceae and to Chlorophyceae. Chlorophyll-a concentrations, ie. the biomass of periphytic algae were ranged from $5.5{\sim}363.8\;mg/m^2$. Dominant species were 16 taxa which were Lyngbya angusta of Cyanophyceae in the early investigation, and were changed to Stigeoclonium lubricum of Chlorophyceae, and Nitzschia plea of Bacillariophyceae etc. in the late. Species number, standing crops and chlorophyll-a concentrations of phytoplankton and perphytic algae were shown higher values at the inlet stations than the stations after flowing through the wetland.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.583-592
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper levels on performance, carcass characteristics, and economical analysis in Hanwoo steers. Fifteen Hanwoo steers weighing about 300kg were randomly allotted into one of three treatments. The three treatments consisted of Control(7mg Cu/kg feed), TI(12mg Cu/kg feed) and TII(17mg Cu/kg feed). Copper was formulated with concentrate from copper sulfate($CuSO_4$) and animals were fed the diets supplemented with copper from 300kg untill about 630 kg of body weight. Dietary copper levels did not affect daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency during the whole feeding period. Dressing percentage, rib eye area and backfat thickness were not different between animals fed the diets supplemented with copper. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received the same B grade in yield grade. Animals fed the diets supplemented with copper received same marbling score. Beef color, fat color, texture and maturity were not affected by Cu supplementation in diet. Animals received the same first grade between treatments in quality grade. Animals fed the diet supplemented with 12mg of copper per kg diet was higher in profit by 13.3% than animals fed the control diet. According to these results, it may be concluded that performance, yield and quality grade were not affected by the Cu levels of 7 to 17mg per kg feed but crude income was enhanced when Hanwoo steers were fed the diet containing 12mg Cu/kg feed.