• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.443-445
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• 2021

갑상선 결절(thyroid nodule)은 검진 인구에서 빈번하게 진단되는 질환이지만 현재까지 진단방법은 경험적이며 정성적 판단에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 갑상선 결절을 평가하기 위하여 시행한 초음파 의료영상을 이용하여 정량 분석할 수 있는 소프트웨어를 개발하였으며 갑상선 양성 결절환자에서의 임상활용 가능성을 평가하고자 한다. 임상 연구는 총 13명의 갑상선 양성 결절 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 환자별 갑상선 초음파영상을 이용하여 정상부위와 병변부위에서 정량 지표인 변동계수를 각각 측정하였다. 환자별 정상부위와 병변부위의 변동계수 차이는 대응표본 T 검정을 사용하여 비교하였으며 유의한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 개발한 정량분석 소프트웨어를 실제 갑상선 양성 결절 환자에서 갑상선 결절을 분석·평가하는데 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.305-310
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• 2016

Recently as the ultrasonography became generalized, the annual change rate of the incidence of thyroid cancer extraordinarily grew to 24.5% in Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was performed to identify the risk factors of thyroid cancer apart from conventional risk factors of dietary iodine and ionizing radiation. In this retrospective study, 411 patients underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy were examined from January 2011 to March 2013. The subjects are divided into two groups which are 260 patients with benign nodule and 151 patients with malignancy nodule. We compared age, hematologic values, body mass index, waist circumference, menopausal status, breast nodules status, uterine myoma status, fatty liver status of targeted group of patients. According to the result, in thyroid cancer group with obesity, the number of case of breast nodules and myoma was higher, and their thyroid stimulating hormone values was higher than the benign nodule group. In order to establish factors influencing thyroid and thyroid cancer, there is a definite need for continuous study.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 1998

The thyroid nodules are the most common endocrine disease requiring surgical management. We perfomed a clinical study of 298 cases with thyroid nodules, who were admitted to and operated at the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeong sang National University from January 1987 to April 1997 and the results were summarized as follows: 1) Patients were composed of 214 cases(71.8%) of benign nodule and 84 cases(28.2%) of malignant nodule. Benign and malignant nodules were prevalent in fifth decade. 2) The sex distribution showed a preponderance of females with ratio of 5.88:1 in benign nodule and 11:1 in malignant nodule. 3) The nodules were located in the right lobe(134 cases, 44.9%), the left lobe(121 cases, 40.6%), both lobes(34 cases, 11.4%), and isthmus(8 cases, 2.7%). The possibility of malignancy was higher in the solid rather than cystic lesions. 4) Radioactive iodine scintiscans were perfomed in 273 cases and revealed cold nodules in 237 cases(86.8%), 58 of these cases(24.4%) were malignant. 5) According to the histopathologic classification, benign nodules included follicular adenomas 136 cases(63.5%), adenomatous goiters 67 cases(31.3%), Hurthle cell adenomas 4 cases(1.9%), cysts 3 cases(1.4%) and thyroiditis 4 cases(1.4%). In malignant nodules, papillary carcinomas 72 cases(85.7%), follicular carcinoma 8 cases(9.5%), undifferentiated carcinoma 2 cases(2.4%), medullary carcinoma 1 case(1.2%) and malignant lymphoma 1 case(1.2%). 6) The most commonly performed operative procedure was a lobectomy with isthmusectomy(85.5%) for bengn nodules and a total thyroidectomy(51.2%) for malignant nodules. 7) The rate of complications was higher in the cases with malignant nodules(20.2%) than in the benign cases(0.5%). The recurrence rate was 8.3%(7 cases).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Thyroid nodular disease is the most frequently appeared in thyroid disease. Thyroid ultrasonography offers location of nodules, size, the number, information of internal echo characteristic. Thus, it makes possible to sort high-risk nodule containing high possibility about thyroid cancer and to induct precisely when take a Fine Needle Biopsy Aspiration. On thyroid nodule, the case which is diagnosed as malignant is less than 5% but screening test is very important on ultrasound and also must be reduced unnecessary procedure. Therefore, in this study an approach for describing a region is to quantity its texture content. We applied TFA algorithm on case which has been pathologically diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer. we obtained experiment image which set the ROI on ultrasound and cut the $50{\times}50$ pixel size, histogram equalization. Consequently, Disease recognition detection efficiency of GLavg, SKEW, UN, ENT parameter were high as 91~100%. It is suggestion about possibility on CAD which distinguishes thyroid nodule. In addition, it will be helpful to differential diagnosis of thyroid nodule. If the study on additional parameter algorithm is continuously progressed from now on, it is able to arrange practical base on CAD and it is possible to apply various disease in the thyroid US.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2005

This study obtained the following conclusions by analyzing whether or not thyroid nodule, the number of nodules depending on age and gender, and the developed site of nodule, targeting 838 persons in their 30s-70s who were conducted the thyroid ultrasonography, without clinical symptoms, at the Health Promotion Center. 1. As for the general characteristics of 838 research subjects, men were 368 persons(44%), and women were 470 persons (56%), and the mean age was 51. 2. Among 838 whole subjects, a case, which was diagnosed to be normal, was 590 persons(70%), and persons with nodules findings were 248 persons (30%), thus it was indicated 30% on an average in having the thyroid nodules findings. 3. As for the frequency by age level in thyroid nodule, it was represented men with 10%-14% and women with $20{\sim}29%$ in their $30{\sim}40s$, and men with $27{\sim}33%$ and women with 37-52% in their 50-60s, and men with 46% and women with 50% in their 70s. 4. As a result of obtaining 248 persons, who have thyroid nodules findings, with the solitary nodule and the multiple nodule, it was indicated the solitary nodule of 50.5% with 125 persons and the multiple nodule of 49.5%, thereby representing the almost same ratio. 5. As for the size of thyroid nodule, the majority in all the age levels had the nodule in small size, and the size of $1{\sim}10\;mm$ was largest with 187 persons (75%) among 248 persons with abnormal findings, and it was 45 persons (18%) in $11{\sim}20\;mm$, 14 persons (5.6%) in $21{\sim}30\;mm$, and 2 persons in more than 31 mm. 6. As for the anatomically developed site in nodule, it was indicated the right lobe with 93 persons (38%), the left lobe with 67 persons (27%), both lobes with 75 persons (30%), and isthmus with 13 persons (5.3%), thereby representing the largest frequency in the right lobe, and it was discovered less in isthmus.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.543-556
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• 2009

Purpose: We studied the patterns of FDG uptake of primary papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMCa) lesions and benign thyroid nodules in dual time point $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT imaging. Materials and Methods: Consecutive 134 patients (154 lesions) with PTMCa and 49 patients (61 nodules) with benign thyroid nodules equal to or less than 1.0 cm who underwent dual time point $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT study before surgery were enrolled. We calculated the maximum standardized uptake value of PTMCa and benign nodules in both time points, and percent change of SUVmax (${\Delta}%SUVmax$) and lesion to background ratio of SUVmax (${\Delta}L:B$% ratio) between both time points. The mean time interval between scans was $23.4{\pm}4.4$ minutes (thyroid to thyroid interval: $10.7{\pm}4.4$ minutes). Results: The mean of SUVmax of PTMCa was increased from $4.9{\pm}4.3$ to $5.3{\pm}4.7$ (p<0.001) and ${\Delta}%SUVmax$ was $12.3{\pm}23.6%$. But, the mean of SUVmax of benign nodules was no definite change ($2.1{\pm}1.0$ to $2.1{\pm}1.3$, p=0.686) and ${\Delta}%SUVmax$ was $-0.3{\pm}20.5%$. Of the 154 PTMCa, 100 nodules (64.9%) showed an increase in SUVmax over time, while 19 (31.1%) of the 61 benign thyroid nodules showed an increase (p<0.001). The dual time point $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT found more PTMCa in visual assessment (62.3% vs. 76.6%, p=0.006), even in smaller than 0.5 cm (38.6% vs. 60.0%, p=0.011). Conclusion: Dual time time $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT imaging was more useful than single time point $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT imaging for distinction between PTMCa and benign nodule, especially when nodule showed equivocal or negative findings in single time point $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT imaging or was smaller than 0.5 cm.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1987.05a
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• pp.23.1-23
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• 1987

1985년 1월부터 1986년 12월까지 전북의대 부속병원 이비인후과에 입원하여 수술치료를 받은 34예의 갑상선 결절을 가진 환자를 대상으로 임상분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 34례중 32례(94.1%)가 양성, 그리고 2례(5.9%)가 악성 결절이었다. 2) 성비는 33 : 1로 여성에서 월등히 많았다. 3) 20-40대가 25명(73.5%)였고, 40대가 11명(32.4%)로 가장 많았다. 4) 이병기간은 3개월 이내가 14명(41.1%)으로 가장 많았다. 5) 임상증상에서 결절 촉진 34례(100%), 피로감 6례(18%) 심계항진 5례(15%)순이었다. 6) 발생부위에서는 우엽 21례(62%), 좌엽 10례(29%), 양엽 2례(6%) isthmus 1례(3%)순이었다. 7) $I^{131}$섭취검사에서 73.9%가 정상범위였으며, 갑상선주사소견에서는 cold결절이 91.3%였다. 8) 병리조직학적 분류를 보면 양성에서는 adenema 24례(75%), adenomatous goiter 5례(16%), cyst 3례(9%)순이었고 악성 2례는 papillary earcinoma 였다. 9) 수술방법은 일측성 편엽절제술이 22례(64.7%)로 가장 많았다. 10) 수술후 합병증은 경도의 출혈이 5례(14.7%)였고, 다음이 일시적 사성 3례(8.8%)이었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1514-1521
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• 2009

To evaluate the feasibility of cathepsin-B levels in preoperatively screening patients with thyroid cancer, we assigned these patients to either the thyroid cancer group (n=32) or the nodular hyperplasia group (n=7). Five healthy volunteers served as controls (n=5). We quantified cathepsin-B expressions in cancerous lesions with follicular carcinoma and hyperplastic lesions with nodular hyperplasia, and compared the degrees to those of normal thyroid tissue, which was obtained from matched contralateral lobe. The activity of serum cathepsin B was significantly higher in patients with thyroid carcinoma ($284.87{\pm}79.32$, ${\times}10^{-2}\;mU$) and those with nodular hyperplasia ($255.45{\pm}95.68$, ${\times}10^{-2}\;mU$) than compared to normal control ($168.94{\pm}15.10$, ${\times}10^{-2}\;mU$) (p<0.05). Based on the results of immunoassay, the concentrations of cathepsin B in the thyroid cancer group ($15.50{\pm}7.86\;ng/ml$) and the nodular hyperplasia group ($17.64{\pm}7.49\;ng/ml$) were higher than those of the control group ($4.85{\pm}0.61\;ng/ml$). The degree of cathepsin-B mRNA expression was significantly higher in cancerous or hyperplastic lesions than normal thyroid tissues from matched contralateral lobe with follicular carcinoma or non-neoplastic thyroid disease. Our results indicate that the activity of serum cathepsin B is a useful indicator in screening patients with nodular hyperplasia or neoplastic thyroid disease and it may be involved in the abnormal proliferation of cells.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2008

Thyroid nodules are a common disease in clinical practice. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an accurate and safe method for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. One of the limitations of FNA is the variable rate of unsatisfactory specimens, especially in small sized, deep seated or complex cystic nodules. To overcome this problem, ultrasound-guided FNA (US-FNA) has been widely used. In this study, the clinical usefulness of US-FNA cytology in thyroid nodules was investigated. Female to male ratio was 6.58:1. The incidence of nodules were 157 (43.1%) cases on the right, 130 (35.7%) cases on the left and 9 (2.5%) cases in isthmus. Total 139 cases (38.2%) belong to less than 1cm and 225 cases (61.8%) belong to more than 1cm. As for the echo type in the nodules, solid types were 255(70.1%), cystic type 39 (10.7%) cases, and the percentage of mixed type was 19.2%. The results show that US-FNA reduces the possibility of unsatisfactory cytologic specimens and the rate of false-negative diagnosis, and improves the diagnostic accuracy in investigation thyroid nodules.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2013

The Korean Thyroid Association recommends fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for nodules more than 0.5 cm in diameter. But nodules, smaller than 0.5 cm have been found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid (PTC) at the health promotion center at SMC. We wanted to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings according to size of nodule in proven PTCs by FNAB, especially less than 0.5 cm. All nodules were classified into three groups by their longest diameter : less than 0.5 cm, more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, and more than 1 cm. Sonographic findings suggesting malignancy were analyzed according to their size groups. Of 288 malignant nodules, 21.5 % (62/288) were less than 0.5 cm, 54.9 % (158/288) were more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, 23.6 % (68/288) exceeded 1 cm. A taller-than-wide shape was observed in 90.3 % (56/62) of nodules less than 0.5 cm, and 48.5 % (33/68) of nodules exceeding 1 cm (p<0.001). There were no well-defined smooth nodules among nodules less than 0.5 cm, and spiculated or irregular margin nodules increased as the size increased (p=0.024). Nodules of size less than 0.5 cm did not showed hyper or isoechogenicity. Hypoechogenicity was greater than the marked hypoechogenicity in each group (p=0.034). Micro- or macro-calcifications were not founded in 77.4 % (48/62) of the nodule group sized less than 0.5 cm. From the small size of the group, micro- or macrocalcifications were observed 21.0 % (13/62), 48.1 % (76/158), 64.7 % (44/68), so the number of nodules containing micro- or macro-calcification increased as size increased (p<0.001). PTCs less than 0.5 cm in size on ultrasonography had taller than-wide shape, spiculated or irregular and ill-defined margins, and exhibited hypo and markedly hypoechogenicity, but microor macro-calcifications were not common. These ultrasonographic features of nodules less than 0.5 cm can be useful in reporting and guiding FNABs or follow-up exams.